CALIFORNIA FRUITS: HOW TO GROW THEM 



pletely covered. The olive is also subject, and the fruit of the olive 

 when infested does not mature well, and wherever a scale is found, a 

 green blotch makes its appearance. 



Red Scale of Orange and Lemon. (Chrysomphales aurantii). 

 This scale affects citrus trees in both the coast and interior regions. 

 The scale fully grown is one-twelfth of an inch or a little more in 

 diameter, center yellow, margin light brown. The appearance of 

 trees infested with this pest is very striking, very much resembling 

 those diseased from other causes, such as bad drainage, the leaf pre- 

 senting a mottled appearance, a light blotch around the scale contrast- 

 ing with the natural green of the leaf. The branches are but little 

 troubled, but the fruit, like the leaf, becomes completely covered with 

 the insects. An orange tree infested with this scale gradually becomes 

 sickly and languishes. 



Other Citrus Tree Scales. Two scales more recently brought 

 into this State from Florida are the "purple scale," Lepidosaphes 

 beskii, and the "long scale," Lepidosaphes gloverii. The red and pur- 

 ple scales of citrus trees are only treated successfully by fumigation 

 with hydrocyanic acid gas. This treatment is an elaborate one, requir- 

 ing special appliances which are fully illustrated and described in 

 publications by the Agricultural Experiment Station at Berkeley. 



The Black Scale (Saissetia oleae). This scale is almost a uni- 

 versal pest, especially in regions adjacent to the coast, though it has 

 recently demonstrated its ability to endure interior valley conditions. 

 It affects citrus fruit trees and some deciduous trees as well, and a 

 fungus growing on its exudation causes the black smut, which renders 

 tree and fruit unsightly ; but this smut accompanies other scale insects 

 as well as this one. It is especially troublesome on the olive, and will 

 quickly spread to ornamental plants and vines in the garden. It is a 

 very difficult scale to subdue. On citrus trees the fumigation method 

 is the only practical recourse. On deciduous fruits it requires both 

 winter and summer spraying to hold it in check. In spite of the fact 

 that immense numbers are killed by parasites, and perhaps by fungi as 

 well, it is still a grevious pest, and should be fought unceasingly. 



Soft Orange Scale (Coccus Hesperidum). This scale is a pest 

 of citrus trees the world over. The scale is ovoid, a little wider at 

 one end than the other; length, from one-twelfth to one-seventh of an 

 inch; color, dark brown on convex part, and a lighter brown sur- 

 rounding margin ; it has two indentations on each side, and one on 

 posterior end. This scale prefers to collect on the under sides of the 

 leaves along the midrib, the upper sides being covered with smut. It 

 fortunately is usually held in check by natural agencies. 



Brown Apricot Scale. The apricot tree, though defying the 

 most ruinous scales of some other trees, is beset by certain scales. 

 The black scale is one and the brown apricot scale another. The 

 brown apricot scale (Eulecanium Armeniacum) is boat-shaped; when 

 reaching maturity, wrinkled; the color is a shiny brown, darker in 



