boards ; it is spongy and very bad to saw, and o" little value. It makes 

 but poor fuel for common use, yet it is very good for charcoal. Recently 

 a process for manufacturing paper from the aspen poplar and willow has 

 been introduced into this Province. If this enterprise becomes a success 

 it will render a very useless but plentiful tree of some commercial value. 

 MOUNTAIN ASH or FOWLER'S SERVICE. This is a small tree, very rarely 6 

 inches in diameter. It grows most frequently on very poor land. The 

 bark of this lias very nearly the same taste as that of the cherry tree. It 

 is the favorite food of the beaver, and I believe it is the natural breeding 

 place of the insect "Aphis," which destroys so many apple trees near 

 Halifax by covering the branches with small nests which resemble lice. 

 I have frequently observed the bark of this tree covered by them in 

 places which were 20 miles from any settlement. 



PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 



The principal timber limits or berths, as they are styled in New Bruns- 

 wick, are enumerated as lying in the counties of Restigouche, Gloucester, 

 Madawaska, Northumberland, Victoria, Carleton, York, Sunbury, Kent, 

 and part of Westmoreland and Queen's. The whole surface of the pro- 

 vince in its natural state is, with few exceptions, covered with a dense 

 forest of timber trees. The black spruce constitutes a third part of this, 

 and nowhere is it found of larger size or finer quality, being well known 

 as furnishing the spruce deals of commerce which are amongst the most 

 valuable exports of the province. In the north-eastern portion of New 

 Brunswick the larch abounds, valuable in ship-building, and the clipper 

 ships of this province, built almost wholly of its larch wood, have attained 

 a world-wide celebrity for speed, strength, and durability. Birch, beech, 

 maple, elm and cedar, are abundant all through New Brunswick, and 

 being all in use in ship-building, which is largely carried on at St. Johns, 

 Miramichi, St. Andrew's, Bathurst, and Dalhousie, their timber is always 

 in demand. In some situations the beech is so abundant as to constitute 

 extensive forests, the finest trees growing in a deep moist soil, or level, or 

 gently sloping lands. The birches, beeches, and maples all furnish excel- 

 lent fuel, the sugar-maple affording the best, and its ashes are rich in the 

 alkaline principle. Charcoal made from it is superior to any other ; it is 

 one-fifth heavier than that made from the same species of wood in the 

 middle and southern States, which sufficiently evinces that this tree 

 acquires its characteristic properties in perfection only in a northern cli- 

 mate. Both the red and the white elm are abundant, the former more 

 especially, it delighting in the low humid and substantial soils known as 

 "intervale lands." The red elm, on the contrary, requires a soil free 

 from moisture, and open and elevated situations. The white spruce is 



