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carriages of cannon, and by wheelwrights for waggon making, being- 

 especially useful for the hubs of wheels. As timber, its boards are not 

 much used, but they are very serviceable about mills, waterways, or for 

 any purpose beneath the water line. The various species are the White 

 -or Swamp Elm, ( Ulmus Americana), from 60 to 80 feet high, with a trunk 

 6 to 8 feet in diameter, nourishing in deep moist soil ; its wood is brown, 

 strong, very tough and resists the wedge. Red or Slippery Elm ( Ulmus 

 fulva) is a small or medium sized tree, along streams and in damp places. 

 Its wood is reddish, hard, heavy and very tough, and very durable. The 

 inner bark is mucilaginous, anl is employed in various medicinal pre- 

 parations. 



ROCK ELM ( Ulmus racemosa), is a large tree possessing wood of a fine 

 grain, compact, flexible, heavy, strong and susceptible of a beautiful 

 polish ; it is largely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, 

 heavy furniture, and for all purposes combining strength, toughness and 

 solidity. 



HACKBBRRY or False Elm (Celtis occidentalis), a small tree closely re- 

 sembling the elm is not common, being met with only occasionally and 

 at rare intervals. Its wood is white, soft and probably of little value. 



PLANE or Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis) is found chiefly along the 

 shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario, and occasionally here and there else- 

 where. It attains a great size, reaching in rich soil a height of 80 feet 

 and upwards, with trunk 8 to 10 feet in diameter. Its wood is reddish, 

 close grained, unwedgable, not durable when exposed to the weather and 

 liable to warp. It is but little used. It is frequently mistaken for one of 

 the maples. 



TUB BUTTERNUT (Juglans Cinerea), from the similarity of its foliage with 

 the white ash, is often confounded with that tree. It is of very elegant 

 growth, small or medium sized, and appears to the best advantage in 

 pastures and on the sides of roads or along fences. The nuts it bears are 

 eagerly sought after, and the kernels being very oily were in former times 

 pounded by the Indians and boiled ; this operation separated the oily 

 substance which rose to the surface and was used by them as we use 

 butter, hence its name. Its wood is light, of little strength and of a 

 brownish hue, soft, easily worked, durable, and takes a good polish ; it 

 possesses the advantage of being able to resist the effects of heat and 

 moisture, and is secure from the ravages of worms. It enters largely into 

 the manufacture of furniture and cabinet making, aud when stained has 

 all the appearance of black walnut For wainscotting and fitting up 

 libraries or churches it is well adapted, being easily worked, of a pleasant 

 color, the grain being well thrown out when polished, and showing to 

 good advantage. 



BLACK WALNUT (Juglans Nigra) is a very graceful tree. It is becoming 

 scarce compared to what it was a few years ago. The section of country 

 where it is still to be found is in the peninsula between Lakes Erie and 

 Huron, but it is even there becoming an object of rarity. It attains a 

 vast size from 70 to 90 feet high with a trunk 4 to 6 feet in diameter, aud 



