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Burr or Mossy Cup Oak (Quercus macrocarpa), is a large tree of from 60 to 

 80 feet high, with large trunk, and is not very abundant in the east. Its 

 wood is of little value except for fuel. The Pin Oak (Quercus palustris), is 

 a medium-sized tree, growing in low grounds, with coarse-grained wood, 

 strong, but not durable. The Chestnut Oak (Quercus Prinus^, is a large 

 iree, with a reddish, porous wood, strong, and used in buildings but in- 

 ferior to white oak. The Red Oak (Quercus cubra), is a large tree, common 

 in all rich woodlands, whose wood varies with localities, and used gene- 

 rally for building and cooperage. The Black Oak ( Quercus tinctoria), a 

 large tree from 80 to 100 feet high, is very common. Its wood is close- 

 grained, strong, durable, and largely in demand. The bark is rich in 

 tannin, and the inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye. 



THE CHESTNUT ( Castanea vulgaris), met with along the shores of Lakes 

 Erie and Ontario, is a very handsome tree, but seldom attains the full 

 growth it reaches in a more southerly climate, and the fruit or nuts it 

 bears are smaller than those grown in the South, which, in their turn are 

 smaller than the fruit of the European tree. Its wood is light-coloured, 

 coarse-grained, moderately strong, very durable, but difficult to season 

 and liable to warp ; it is largely employed in cabinet-making, and for 

 railway ties, posts, &c. 



THE BEECH (Fagus ferruginea], has a straight trunk and smooth bark, 

 with larger and straighter branches than, the maple, and which come to 

 a finer point "When crowded in the forest its stem rises pillar-like even 

 to 80 feet in undiminished thickness before branching into a tufty crown. 

 Standing apart, it sends forth branches at from 10 to 30 feet above the 

 root far and wide. It prefers deep soil of good quality. Its wood is light- 

 coloured or reddish, close-grained, compact, heavy, and takes a good 

 polish ; it is incorruptible if kept under water, but decays rapidly when 

 exposed to the alternations of dryness and moisture. It is principally 

 used for agricultural implements, tool handles, shoe lasts, planes, mallets. 

 and for turning, and occasionally in fitting up ships' cabins and railway 

 carriages ; it is largely used for firewood. The beech produces every 

 alternate year a large yield of nuts, on which hogs fatten rapidly, and 

 which afford sustenance to various kinds of game. This tree is so rarely 

 struck by lightning that woodmen and Indians feel comparatively safe 

 under its shelter. Good oil can be pressed from the nuts or mast almost 

 equal to olive oil after purification. 



IRONWOOD (Ostrya Virginica), is a email tree rarely exceeding 40 feet in 

 height, with a trunk of about one foot in diameter. Its wood is white, 

 compact, fine-grained, very heavy, durable, and is used principally for 

 mallets and other articles where weight and toughness are required. 



HORNBEAM or Blue Beech (Carpinus Carottniana^is met with abundantly 

 in the older Provinces, where it is frequently confounded with Ironwood, 

 being also called by that name. It attains its greatest size in Western 

 Ontario, where it reaches a height of thirty or forty feet, with a trunk of 

 two feet in diameter. When it has "pace to grow and is not crowded in 



