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or more in height, and upwards of two feet in diameter. It is found in 

 most uplands and intervales, and in cold, wet swamps. Its wood unites 

 all the properties of the European larch, is light coloured, strong, durable, 

 close grained and hard when seasoned. It is used for ships' knees, for 

 posts, railway ties, and is excellent for ship planks and ship timber ; it 

 is used also in the more trivial purposes of house building. It is well 

 adapted for door and window frames, as it does not shrink or warp. 

 Joists and rafters made of it support an almost incredible weight, for it is 

 exceedingly strong, and under water it lasts for centuries. Shingles 

 made of it are more durable than those of pine or cedar. The Western 

 Larch (L, Occidentalis) of British Columbia, said to attain a height of 150 

 feet, with a trunk two to three feet in diameter, yields a strong, durable 

 timber, but coarse. Lyall's Larch (L. Lyallii), of the same locality, is but 

 little known. 



SCRUB or GRAY PINE (Pinus Banksiana) extends further north than any 

 other species, and varies from a scrubby growth in extreme northern 

 latitudes to a tree of sixty, and in British Columbia one hundred, feet in 

 height. Its leaves or needles are only two to the sheath, as in all the 

 other pines except one, the White Pine. Its wood is hard, resinous, and 

 its chief use is for railway ties. The Western Scrub, or Bull Pine (P. 

 Contorta], covers large areas in British Columbia. It is found also in the 

 North- West. Its wood is white and fairly durable, but seldom used on 

 account of its small size. The inner bark contains sugar, which is used 

 by the Indians. 



The WESTERN WHITE PIKE (P. Mbnticola or Flexttis?) of British Colum- 

 bia closely resembles the Eastern White Pine, but seldom attains more 

 than sixty to eighty feet in height, with a trunk of two to three feet Its 

 wood is soft and white, and, though not equal to its eastern namesake, is 

 fast coming into use. The seeds of it are used as food by the Indians. 



WESTERN YELLOW PINE (P. Ponder osa) attains a height of from 100 to 

 150 feet, and, with a head of considerable size, forms a remarkably hand- 

 some tree. Its wood is yellow, hard, heavy, strong, durable and very 

 valuable when not exposed to the weather. It prefers mountain ranges, 

 and often grows in the most arid situations in British Columbia. 



RED or NORWAY PINE (P. Resinosa) reaches a height of from sixty to 

 eighty feet, with a trunk of from two to three feet in diameter. It seldom 

 forms forests, but is found scattered amongst other trees. Its leaves have 

 a crowded appearance at the ends of the branches. Its wood is light 

 coloured, resinous, hard, heavy, durable, and is employed in construction 

 and ship-building. 



WHITE PINE (P. Strobw), in a commercial point of view, takes the pre- 

 eminence of all the pine family. This tree is easily distinguishable from 

 all the others by the lightness and delicacy of its foliage, and by being 

 five-leaved i.e., putting forth its needles in sheaths each containing five. 

 All evergreens except the pine are without a sheath for the leaves or 

 needles. This tree attains a height of from 120 to 150 feet, with a trunk, 

 however, rarely exceeding four feet in diameter. The trunk is singularly 



