80 



wliich liave comparatively fewer latent genes and more apparent genes. " Un- 

 vollkommenere " and " vollkommenere " are both in co-ordination , the former 

 cannot be considered to be inferior to the latter. The same idea is expressed 

 also in the following quotation, though, as is explained by Cohn, it actually 

 means that even a single plant ia in reaHty not an individuum, but is truly 

 a coUective being consisting of a stem, roots, leaves and many other parts. 



Freuet Eucli des ■wahren Scheins, 

 Euch des emsten Spieles, 

 Kein Lebendiges ist Eins, 

 Immer isfs ein Vieles." 



Goethe's idea also to some extent approaches tha doctrine of Tendai* 

 which in viewing sentient beings does not look at them as characters of on,) 

 quality, but beholds them as a collection of different quaHties (or factorse 

 which are sometimes latent and at other times apparent, according to the 

 circumstances conditioning the ine^dtable causal nexus 



GoETHE expressed another idea in the foUowing Jines. 



Soviel aber konnen yni sagen, da6 die aus einer kaum zu sondernden Verwandt- 

 schaft aJs Pflanzen und Tiere nach und nach hervortretenden Geschopfe nach zwei 

 entgegengesetzten Seiten sich vervoUkommnen, so da^B die Pflanze sich zuletzt im Baum 

 dauemd und starr, das Tier im Menschen ziir hochsten Beweglichkeit und Freiheit 

 sich verherrhcht. 



In the above quotation, " eine kaum zu sondernde Verwandtschaft " should be 

 interpreted as the FlageUata** which is, at present, supposed to be the starting 

 point of plants and animals in their phylogeny. 



Here we see that some of liis ideas imply that many species or organs 

 originate from one source and thence it results that the relations between 

 species or organs are explainable by the evolution theory. But his more 

 mature thought, as we have seen before and shall see later on, does not 

 admit of a single origin for aU organs or organic beings, but approaches a 

 view which finds origin in every thing. According to the latter view, there 

 were originaUy numerous tliings undergoing endless changes either in them- 

 selves or by combining with or separating from others, thus jDroducing 

 numerous new forms ; they are new, it is true, but they are new only in form 



* Eeaders are requested to refer to Tendai's Doctrines of the Middle Path and Eeality, 

 interpreted in English by Prof. Masahaeu Anezaki. 



** Wettstein, E. E. — Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik (1911) p. 54. 



