106 



to tlie fact that genes contiiined in species present suitable temporary pheno- 

 menal appearances and suitable temporary combinations in agreement with 

 the conditions which foUow necessarily throngh the causal nexus. Constitu- 

 tional resemblance of species is, therefore, manifested by the mutual sharing 

 of genes possessed by them. Thus far having stated the real meaning of 

 resemblance through the parbicipation theory, I shall now try to explain what 

 I have proposed as a dynamic system more concretely than I had done 

 before. 



6. The dynamic system. 



Now, tuming back our attention to what we have said before of the 

 natural classification, we now see that our fii'3t attempt in the course of the 

 latter is to find how species share their genes with others. Then, the second 

 attempt is to group spacies into small or large group3 according to the 



extent with which they have shared their genes with others^^ into groups 



which should be subject to alteration, as to their limits as well as their 

 members, according to whether we select this or tliat gene as a criterion for 

 classification, — simply speaking, into dynamic groups. Finally, our third 

 attempt is to arrange the dynamic groups thus obtained, such as spscies, genera 

 or famiHes, according to the relations of the mutual sharing of genes, — to 

 arrange them, not in a fixed order, but in orders varying with views, or 

 simply speaking to arrange them in a dynamic manner. The aiTangement 

 in dynamic forms is what I have spoken as a dynamic system. I shall 

 explain it with examples further on. 



Now, let us take four individuals representing four diiferent species. 

 These four are composed of numerous different genes ; but amongst the latter 

 genes only four, represented symboHcally by a, b, C and d, are so far known 

 to us. We shall try to systematize these species. Let a gene in parentheses 

 denote a latent gene. Then, the four species may be symboHzed as follows : — 

 (a) b C d, a (b) C d, a b (c) d and a b C (d). One way of classifying these four 

 is to group them into two groups, one containing the latent (a) gene and the 



1) LoTST, P. J. — Evolution by Means of Hybridization (1916) pp. 137-138. 



