107 



the familj should be brokeu up and its geuera should be referred respectively 

 to the Apocyuacese, Geutiauacese, Solanacese Kubiacese, and AsclepiadacesB. 

 The Hiuits of the famihes just referred to aud their members to some exteut 

 vary, accordiug as we hold this view or tliat. 



Now, take examples of another kiud. The Labiatae^^ aud Verbenacese'' 

 are, accordiug to oue way of lookiug at them, to be regarded as two dis- 

 tinct families ; but iu another way — which is that observed iu the 

 BorraginaceaB"^ wliich is estabHshed regardless of the position of the styles 

 (whether the latter are terminal or gynobasic) — the former two families (i.e. 

 Labiatae aud Yerbenacese) should be united. Should the former view be held 

 iu the case of the Borraginaceae, the latter family should be divided into two. 

 But, such a division, in fact, could never be cansidered natural. The same is 

 tiue of the separatiou of the Labiatse from the Verbenaceae. The two fiimihes 

 are ouly artificially or superficially separated, but iu reaUty, they are closely 

 inter-related Uke the meshes of a net. This shows plainly that it is impossible 

 to classify plants accordiug to oue sole view so naturally tliat the classification 

 should denote their natural relations ; that the latter relations are not to be 

 understood in a static sense, but are only conceivable in dynamic senses ; and 

 finally, tliat natural groups are only thinkable iu a dj-namic seuse. 



Now let me give other examples showiug how the uatural arrangement or 

 natural system of such natural dyuamic groups should also be a dynamic oue. 



Julianiacese'^ ( Juhauiales) : This group is closely related to the Anacardiaceae 

 aud Juglaudaceae (the latter two families are widely separated from each 

 other, so far as the existing system is concerued) iu its resiuiferous character, 

 in its uuisexual flowers with reduced envelopes, and iu its soHtary exalbumiuate 

 seeds. Other points of resemblance or similarity between the JuHaniaceae and the 

 Juglandaceae are the dissimilar male and female flowers, the broad stigmatic lobes 

 of the styles and siugle coated ovules. Li auatomical characters, the Julianiacese 

 and Anacardiacefe are very much aUke, and the siugular fuuicular developmeut of 

 the ovules, the seeds aud embryo, are verj- much the same iu both famihes. 



1) Ntit. Pfl.-fam. IV.— 3, a, p. 205. 2) Nat. Pfl.-£am. rV'.-3, a. 143. 



3) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV.— 3, a, p. 80. 4) HBavtsLEY, W. B .— On the Juliamacese : A New 



Natural Order of Plants, in Pha Trans. Roy. Soa Lond. Series B, CXCIX. pp. 169-197, Plates 18-24. 



