118 



adiiptation or mutation, or similarly to prodtice many otliers by crossing, biit 

 also are formed from witliin or without by other means whicla are as yet 

 imknowu to mau, — such miuds cau neither recognize the existence of the 

 phylogenetic tree, nor beheve in the possibiHty of phylogenetic classification. 

 Moreover, for those who understand the real state of the natural rehitions 

 of famiHes as illustrated by the examples which we have just giveu 

 above, it is impossible to beheve the existence of auy determiued static 

 natural system such as modern systematizers are unanimously strugghng to 

 make. 



There have Wtherto been several systems^^ which have been called natural. 

 But, all of them are static. The two most used by students at the present 

 time are the systems of Bentham-Hooker and of Englek. In both of these, 

 speaking generally (cerfcaiuly there are exceptious), oue first group (say a family) 

 is connected with a second by a relation estabKshed accordiug to a certaiu 

 view, while the latter is couuected with a third by a relation estabHshed 

 according to another view. The membei-s of this part of the system are, 

 therefore, considered from oue point of view ; but those of that part of the 

 same system are arranged according to another poiut of view. For example, 

 the members of the Monoctyledoues are an-anged regardlesa of whether they 

 are gamopetalous or jwlypetalous ; while those of the Dicotyledones are arranged 

 on the basis of the said characters'^. Auother example is fouud in the classi- 

 fication of the Tubiflorae. Some famiKes of the latter series are ou the one 

 biud classified on the basis of whether they have or have not eremus ; whils 

 others of the same series are, on the other hand, arranged on the basis of 

 whetlier their flowers are 2ygomorphous or actinomorphous'*^. Accordingly, 

 the present systems certainly cannot be taken as denoting natm'al relations 

 of the membei-s in every respect ; uor are they systems that denote relations 



1) Among the systems which have been established by great authors, I mny mention the 

 following, namely : — ^The system of Linnaetjs (1735) ; that of A. L. de Jussieu (1789) ; that of 

 AuG. Pyr. de Candollb (1819); that of Sr. Endlichkb (1836 -18i0); that of A. Bbongniakt 

 (1843); that of Bentham and Hooker (1862-1883); that of Alex. Bbauns (1864); that of Ad. 

 EicHLKB (1883). That of Van Tibghbm (1898) ; that of Adolf Enqleb (1912). 



2) Enolbb, A. — Erlituterungen zu der Ubersicht iiber die Embryophyta siphonogama, in 

 Nat. Pfl.-fam. Nacht. L p. 371. 



3) Enolee, A — L c p. 370. 



