119 



words, characters, such as valvate sestivatiou, reduced calyx or the like, found 

 in both the Unibelliflone and Rubiales show that they are in the same stage 

 of parallel advancement; while the polypatalous flowers in the former series 

 indicate tliat it belougs to the same clas3 as the Archichlamydese, aud the 

 gamopetalous flowers of the latter series shows its attachment to the Metachla- 

 mydese. This is a view that recognizes no relationship between the two 

 series (Umbelliflorse and Rubiales)'^. On the other haud, according to auother 

 opinion which suggests some affinity between the UmbellifloraB and the 

 Rubiales, and therefore seems to me to be more thoughtful than the preceding 

 one, the characters regarded by Engler a3 those denoting their parallel 

 advaucement would most probably be characters iudicatiug a blood - relation- 

 ship (hke those of the second category) between the two series''\ If this view 

 l)e accepted, then such characters as polypetalous or gamop^tiilous flowers 

 which were i-egarded a httle while ago as those denoting affinity are now in 

 their tum to be taken as indicating a paralleUsm between the Rubiales and 

 other series of the Metachlamydese such as the Ericales or Primulales. 

 In § 3, he says'^ : — 



Zn einer Familie werden einerseits diejenigen Formen vereinigt, welche in allen 

 wesentlichen Merkmalen des anatomischen Baues, der Blattstellung, des Bliiten- 

 baues, der Sportnbildung oder der Frucht- und Samenbildung eine augenfSllige XJber- 

 einstimmung zeigen, wie z. B. die Bakteriaceen oder StKbchenbakterien, die Lamellen- 

 schwamme oder Agaricaceen, die ArmleuchtergewSchse odet Characeen, die Polypodia- 

 ceen, die Gramineen, die Iridaceen, die Orchidaceen, die Cmciferen, die Umbelliferen, 

 die Borraginaceen, die Labiaten, die Compositen, — ■ anderseits diejenigen Formen, welche 

 ZAsar untereinander in einzelnen der genannten VerhSltnisse Verschiendenheiten zeigen, 

 aber doch dvirch ein gemeinsames Merkmal, sei es der Zellbeschaffenheit, des anato- 

 mischen Baues, der Bliite oder Fracht, verbunden sincL Hierbei erscheint die Zusam- 

 mengehorigkeit um so sicherer, je mehr die Verschiedenheiten schrittweise auftreten. 



In the latter lialf of tliis sentence, it is stated that some groups are marked 

 by a certaiu character, which is taken as the sole criterion, aud by no other 

 character. In this case, it can be easily imderstood that the group itself 

 showing a uatural relation is changeable and therefore dyuamic. It shows a 

 diifereut aspect as to its Umit and members, according to the criterion, for 



1) Enoler, A. — Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (1912) p. XXVII. 



2) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV.— 4, p. 13 ; IIL— 8, pp. 15 and 111. 



3) £iiou3t, A. — 1. c. p. X. 



