138 



in so far n,s the chaJazogamy itself or its transition to the porogamy fonnd in 

 the two series is concerned'^ ; and also in all probabiUty to the Ericacese in 

 the anatomical characters"^. Its position should, therefore, be shifted from 

 one place to another, according to each one of its natural relations. 



Next, follows the Urticales''\ The affinity of this series to the Verfcicillatse, 

 Juglandales and Fiigales has been pointed oufc before. 



Here also Engler puts the Proteales ; as to this series, our knowledge 

 is as yet very hmited ; the only relation thafc is thus far known to us is to 

 the Santalales, as the Proteacese and Loranthacese''^ show some agreement in 

 the perianth-lobes and in the androeceum. 



Next, come the Santalales'*^ according to Englee's sysfcem. He places this 

 series here in a fixed position, but its rather compKcated relation to other series 

 clearly indicates the mutabihty of its natural position according to the view 

 taken of ifc. Thus, the affinity of this series to the Proteales, as has been 

 mentioned, is clear. Then, the resemblance borne by the Santalales to the 

 Coniferae or to the Gnetacess is so very striking that it not only presents 

 external anaJogy, but also suggests many morphological relations''^. Moreover, 

 to some extent it approaches the Sapindales, as the Olacacese^' and Icacinacego 

 show a perfect similarity in their fruits and external features. Further, it 

 bears also some resemblance to the Rosales, as can be seen in the Grubbiacese*^^ 

 and Hamamehdacese which show agreement in their wood-anatomy. Certain 

 of the Santalales (Balanophoracese)^^ are, by some authors, compared with the 

 Myrtiilorae from the view that Cynornmium (Balanoph.) and Hippmis (Halorrhag.) 

 show some resemblance in their bisexual flowers. Finally, the relationship of 

 the Santalales and Rhamnales is recognizable, when we compare the Loran- 

 thacese and Vitacese, taking the calycuhis of the Loranthacese or Viscum for 

 a reduced calyx. Thus, the Santalales is relafced to the Proteales, Coniferse, 

 Sapindales, Rosales, Myi-tiflorse and finally tp the Ehamnales. Its natural 

 position is, therefore, changeable from one place to another, so that it should 



1) Wettstein, E. E. — 1. c. p. 501. 2) Jeffrey, E. C. — 1. c. p. 385. 



3) Engleb, A. — Erl iiitenmgcn, 1. c. p. 363. 4) Nat. Pa.-fam. IIL— 1, p. 176. 



5) Englee, A. — Erl;mtertmgen, 1. c. p. 363. 6) Nat. Pfl.-fam. III.— 1, p. 211. 



7) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IIL— 1, p. 233. 8) Nat. Pfl.-fam. ni.— 1, p. 229. 



9) Kat. Pfl.-fam. III.— 1, p. 249. 



