]45 



He theu refers to the Geraniales and Sapmdales and says^^ : — 



Bei den beiden Beihen der Geraniales iind SafMales -wird die cyklische Anonl- 

 nnng der Bliitenteile vollstgndig; aber clie noch haufig vorkommende unvoUstandige 

 Vereinigui^ der Carpelle ist ein Grund fiir die Stelliing beider Reihen vor den Malvdles 

 und Parietales. Beide Eeihen stehen einander sehr nahe und lassen sich nur dann un- 

 terscheiden, wenn man die in der Charakteristik angegebenen Merkmale der Samenanlage 

 in den Vordergrund stellt. Jede der Reihen beginnt mit den FamiHen, in welchen noch Iso- 

 merie des Gyniiceums vorkommt, dann folgen diejenigen, bei denen die OUgomerie herrscht. 



This is indeed true, but it is so only according to the view upou which 

 Engler dwells. lu other respects, the case is quite otherwise ; for, iu this 

 poiut or that the relatious of the Gerauiales to other series, as will be seeu 

 iu com"se, are of wide exteut reachiug from the Centi^ospermfe, perliaps even 

 fi"om the Couiferse, far up to the several series of the Metachlamydeae. The 

 Sapiudales also are extensively aUied to other series, their relations rangiug 

 fi-om the Coniferae far up to the Primulales. The uatm'al positions of these 

 two series sliould be chaugeable with the criteria employed. 



lu the first place, let us cousider the uatural relatious of the Gerauiales. 

 Their connectious with the Rhoeadales, Centrospermse, and Rosales have 

 abeady been referred to. Perliaps the closest aUiauce is mauifested between 

 the Geranials and the Sapiudales. The relatiouship is very compHcated. To 

 begin with the Geraniaceae, we find that they iu many features are similar to 

 the Corynocarpaceae^^ (after Van Tieghem), to the Limnanthacese^^ and to the 

 BaJsaminacese^^ (after Benth.-Hooker). Theu, most closely the Tropseolaceae 

 aie related to the Balsaminaceae"^ (Benth.-Hook.). Some of the Zygophyl- 

 lacese are allied to the MeHantlmceae''^ iu the preseuce of calcium oxalate iu 

 the form of styloideu (Radlkofer) ; the Kutaceae, though rather sUghtly, to 

 the Sapiudacese^-' ; the Simarubaceae, to the Sapindacese also sHghtly ; the 

 Burseracese^^, to the Anacardiacese^^ iu the resiu-cauaJs aud in other 

 auatomical cliaracters; the MeHaceae^"^ to the Sapiudacese iu the secretory- 

 ceUs; the Malpigliiacese"^ to the latter family iu the habit, in the wiuged 



1) Engleb, A. — Erlauterungen, 1. c. p. 366. 



2) Nat. Pfl.-fam. Nacht. IIL p. 197. 3) 1. c. in.-5, p. 136. 

 4) L c. nL— 5, p. 388. 5) 1. c. m.— 5, p. 388. 

 6) L c. in.-5, p. 378. 7) L c. in.-5, p. 298. 

 8) L c. m.— 4, p. 233. 9) L c. IIL— 5, p. 144. 



10) L c. HL— 4, p. 266. 11) L c. m.— 4, p. 52. 



