148 



diflference. Take tlie Loranthacese for an example, you will there find both 

 tjpes, some with stamens opposite, and some with them alternate, to the pelals, 

 as in the male flowers of Eremolepis^^ and Bifaria (or in my Psevdixm"-^). 

 Such great stress is put upon the relative positions of staraens and petals, only 

 because the conservation of the present static system demands it. The natm^al 

 position of the Rhamnales should, therefore, be dynamic. 



Then come the Malvales^^ according to Engler's system. Their relation 

 to the Greraniales has been pointed out. Moreover, the Malvales bear a close 

 resemblance to the Parietales, as is indicated in a comparison of the Elseocar- 

 pacesB*^ with some (Prockia and HasseUia) of the Flacourfciacese"^ ; of the 

 Chlsenaceee"^ with some (Asteropeiese) of the Theacese^ (Baillon) ; of the former 

 family^^ with the Dipterocarpacese ; of the Tihaceae^^ with the Elacourtiacege ; 

 and in the agreement of the Tiliacese^"^ with the Bixacese"^ iu the palmate 

 nerves of the leaves, in the stamens connate at their base, in the pored anthers, 

 in the loculicidal dehiscence of the fruit, in the hairy covering of the seeds, 

 in the flat cotyledons, and in the mucilage canals in the medulla, cortex and 

 leaves. Further, the relation of the Malvales to the Tubiflorse is shown in 

 the conformity of the Malvaceae and the Convolvulaceae^^^ in the hairy covering 

 of the seeds, in the curved embryo and in the secondary meristematic zone iu 

 the xylem. The natural position of the Malvales, as it were, occilates between 

 the Geraniales and the Tubiflorae. 



As to the ParietaW^^ Engler says : — 



Wie schon oben angedeutet \rarde, reicht die Reihe der ParietalCS i^t ihren 

 ersten Familien bis in die Nahe der Banales. Die Dilleniacece wurden denselben friiher 

 auch zugerechnet, zeigen aber auch Beziehungen zu den Familien der Eucryphiiceoe, 

 Ochnacece, Caryocaraceoe, Marcgraviacece, Quiinacea^, Theacece, Gvttiferce und Diplero- 

 carpacece, •welche alle einander nahe stehen, und alle darin ubereinstimmen, dass das 



1) EiCHLBB, A. W. — Bliithendiagrainme, construirt und erUutert (1875), p. 553. 



2) Hayata, B. — On Pseudixus, on new genus of Loranthaceae, founded on the well-known 

 and widely distributed species Viscum japonicum Thxjnb., in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) Vol. XXIX. pp. 

 31-34 



3) Englee, A. — Erlauterungen, 1. c. p. 367. 



4) Nat. Pfl.-fam. 111—6, p. 3. 5) Nat. Pfl.-fam. III.— 6, a, p. 10. 

 6) 1. c. IIL— 6, p. 172. 7) 1. c. III.— 6, p. 179. 



8) 1. c. HL— 6, p. 172. 9) I. c. 111.-6, p. 13. 



10) 1. c. III.— 6, p. 13. 11) 1. c. 111.-6, p. 309. 



12) 1. c. IV.— 3, a, p. 11. 13) Engleb, A. — Erlauterungen, 1. c. p. 367. 



