153 



Ranales, Parietales, and Sapindales, as shown in the discnssions thus far. Its 

 position is, therefore, cannot be so definitely determined as in Engler's systein, 

 but should be changeable Hke the other series. 

 Regarding the Contortae Engler states^^ : — 



Die Keihe der ContortSB ist keineswegs scharf von der folgenden umfangreichen 

 Eeihe der Tuhijiora; zn nnterscheiden ; aber, wie schon mehrfach betont, giebt bei der 

 Aufstellung natiirhcher Verwandtschaftskreise nicht ein durchgreifendes Merkmal den 

 Ausschlag, sondern es handelt sich hauptsiichhch xiva. die Entwickelungstendenzen, 

 welche in einer Sippe hervortreten. Als solche kcJnnen wir f iir die CordortoB anf iihren, 

 dass die Abschnitte der Bhxmenkrone sich meistens contort decken und die Carpelle 

 h^iufig nicht vollstandig vereint sind. Keines dieser Merkmale ist durchgreifend. 



This statement proves that the Contortse imply various heterogenous families. 



Their relations to the other series are accordingly very compHcated. The 



i-esemblance of the Contort^e and the Sapindales has been indicated under the 



latter series. Their connection with the Tubiflorae will be seen in the agree- 



ment of the Oleacese and the CohimeUiacese''^ in the woody sfcructure, in the 



opposite exstipulate leaves and in the flowers with 2-stamens. The same is 



also observed in the greater or less resemblance between the Loganiaceae^^ and 



the Solanacese (Baillon), and between the Loganiaceae and the Scrophulariaceae. 



Their relation to the Rubiales is very clear when we examine the connection 



of the Loganiacese with the Rubiaceae and especially with Gdrtnera and Togarmaf^ 



both of the latter family ; and also the agreement of the Apocynaceae'*^ and 



Rubiacese, in the stipule and in the opposite leaves. Finally their alliance to 



the Campanulatte is manifested in the Gentianacese and Goodeniaceae''^ as can 



be seen in a comparison of Limnanthemum of the former family, with VeUeia 



of the latter. The natural position of the series is, therefore, plainly dynamic. 



Then, Engler comes to refer to the Tubiflorae'^. Their relations to the 



Malvales, Parietales, Contortse, Piimulales and Rhceadales have already been 



pointed out. Also to the Rubiales, they bear some resemblance which is shown 



in the Bignoniacese and Henriqueziese of the Rubiaceae^^ Thus, the series is 



related to the Rhoeadales and all the way up to the Rubiales in this point or 



that. Its position should, therefore, be dynamic. 



1) Englbb, A. — 1, c. 370. 2) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV.~3, b, p. 187. 



3) 1. c. IV.— 2, p. 27. 4) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV.— 4. p. 13. 



5) \. c. IV.-2, p. 118. 6) 1. c. IV.— 5, p. 74. 



7) Enoleb, A. — Erlauterungen, 1. c. p. 370. 8) Nat, Pfl.-fam. IV— .4, p. 13. 



