154 



Next, come the Plautagiimles'\ TJieir relation to the Tubiflorse has been 

 given above. They are closelj allied to the Campaniilatae in the conformity 

 observable in tlie Plantaginacese'^ and some genera of the Campanulaceae 

 in the tetramerous flowers, in the superior ovary, in the absence of the 

 medullary rays and in the occasional presance of vessels in meduUa and 

 cortex. Further, some connection between the Plantaginales and tlie Tubiflorse 

 is found when the Plantaginace^e and the Borraginaceae are compared. 



Then, foUow the Rubiales^\ As has been discussed above, their connec- 

 tions ai"e manifestly with the Parietales, Rosales, Umbelliflorge and Tubiflorae, 

 in this point or that. Nevertheless, the series seems unrelated to any other, 

 either closely or loosely, in point of its being near to, or f^ir from, the latter, 

 so far as is shown in Engler's system. But, on the contrary, its relations 

 are generally exhibited with httle regard to nearness or remoteness. Its jDosition 

 should, therefore, be dynamic. 



Next, come the Cucurbitales*\ When we regard this series as incorporated 

 in the Campannlatse, then the pr^sition of the latter series becomes very dynamic, 

 as can be seen iu a comparison of the Campanulatae with the Parietales, 

 Tubiflorge, Plantaginales, Coutorfcse and Rubiales. But, on the contrary, when 

 we thiuk of the Cucurbitales as iudependent from the Campanulatse, theu 

 the Cucurbitales are related to the Parietales and Tubiflorse, as has beeu 

 discussed above, and also to the Campanulatse as can be seen in a comparison 

 of the Cucurbitacese'^^ aud the Campanulacese'''^ (A. Beaun). Its position becomes 

 iu consequence less dynamic. 



Fiually, come the Campauulatae. These are related to the Ericales, 

 Cuciu-bitales, Plantagiuales, Contortse and Rubiales, as appears in this point 

 or that of the discussion thus far. Their position should, therefore, be dyuamic. 



The cousideratiou of Englee's system thus far, when taken together with 

 liis principle aud his explauatiou, forces me to couclude that his system is a 

 complex of many pai-tial mauifestations of a real uatural system, and that it 

 is a system coustructed priucipally with the view of cousultiug our own cou- 



1) Engleb, A. — Erljiiiterungen, 1. c. p. 370. 2) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV.— 3, b, p. 369. 

 3) Englek, A. — ErlltTiterangen, 1. c. p, 371. 4) Englee, A. — Syllabiis, L c. p. 338! 

 5) Nat. Pfl.-fam. IV— 5, p. 8. 6) Nat, Pfl.-fam. IV.— 5, p. 47. 



