180 



indeterminable iu one way, but are changeable according to their natural 

 relations. 



13 Cyperaceae^^ : Tliis family is somewhat related to the Gramineae and 

 to the JimcacesB in habit. Also to the Restionacese, Centrolepidacese and Erio- 

 caulaceae in seYeral different c^aracters respectively. 



Series V. Principes 



14 Palmae^^-* With Phyteleplias and Nipa as its intermediate members, 

 this family approaches the Pandanacese. It also to some extent resembles 

 the Cyclanthacese in its leaves. 



Series VI. Synanthce 



15 Cyclanthaceae^^ .' So far as the vegetative organs are concerned, this 

 fcimily is closely related to the Palmee ; but not so closely to the Araceae in 

 this respect. On the other hand, if we take female flowers as a criterion, 

 then it depaiis widely from the Palmae, while coming near the Aracese and 

 the Pandanaceae. As tu its male flowers, however, it is somewhat comparable 

 with the Palmfe. But, the anatomical structure of certain Cylanthacese is- 

 rather that of the Aracese*^ 



Series TII. Spathiflorfe 



16 Araceae : The connection of the family is found to be with the Tacca- 

 cese^^ Potamogetonaceae^^, Cyclanthacese^, and Lemnaceae^^ in this or that 

 respect. It is also comparable with the Typhaceae, Pandanacese and Sparga- 

 niacese in the possession of a spatha and therefore it was formerly incorpo- 

 rated with them to form a group of the Spathiflorse^^ 



17 Lemnaceae ^^ : Their relation tu the Aracese is incontestable. 



Series VHI. Farinosce 



18 Fragellariaceae^*''' : The 5-whorled flowers with homochlamydeous 

 perianth suggest its relation-ship to the Juncacese. 



1) Nat. Pfl.-fam. II.-2, p. 104. 2) 1. c. II.— 3, p. 25. 



3) 1. c. II.— 3, p. 98. 4=) Jeffeey, E. C— 1. c. p. 413. 



5) Nat. Pfl.-fam. II.— 5, p. 129. 6) 1. c. II.— 1, p. 201. 



7) 1. c. II. -2, p. 98. 



8) Kendle. — A. B, The classification of flowering plants, I. p. 382. 



9) Grebnek, P. — Spargamaceae in das Pflanzenreich. IV. — 10, p. 7. 

 10) 1. c. II.— 4, p. 1. 



