FAM. MEMBRACID^ io5 



eiected on extremely vague and generalized characters. Burmeister (i835a) indicates two divisions 

 of Tragopa, the first « without ears on the thorax near the shoulders » and the second « with ears on the 

 side )). Since the size and structure of the humeral angles, to which Burmeister doubtless refers, is 

 one of the most variable of all of the characters of the subfamily, these divisions are entirely unusable. 

 Fairmaire, in establishing the genus Horiola, states that it represents the second division of Burmeister 

 and gives as additional characters the acuminate posterior process, the partly exposed tegmina, the 

 narrow apical limbus and the shape of the median apical cell. Goding and others have called attention 

 to the indistinct venation with the absence of discoidal cells (a character difficult to determine without 

 mutilating the specimen), and the more elongate shape of the body, but none of these characters are 

 constant or reliable. 



Theoretically this genus should be distinguished from the other genera of the subfamily by the 

 narrower body, the sharper posterior process, the more exposed tegmina, the narrower apical limbus, 

 the less distinct venation, the absence of discoidal cells in the corium and the larger humeral angles, 

 but practically these characters are so variable, and so difficult to determine, and the gradation is so 

 gradual from one genus to another that a large number of intermediate forms fail to fall positively 

 into this scheme of classification. 



Type picta Coquebert. 



Geogpaphical distpibution : The genus is represented in South and Central America by the 

 foUowing species : 



1. andrea Burmeister, Rev. Silb. IV : igo. ii (i836). Brazil. 



2. chi Burmeister, Rev. Silb. IV : 190. 12 (i836). Brazil. 



3. composita Walker, List Hom. B. M. 587. 9 (i85i). Venezuela. 



4. fenestrata Funkhouser, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XXX : i. 20 (1922). Peru. 



5. lineola Fairmaire, Rev. Memb. 492. 2 (1846). Brazil. 



tincola (sic) Buckton, Mon. Memb. i58 (1903). 



6. picla Coquebert, Cigal. Pl. 16, fig. 89 (1780). — Pl. 5, fig. 60. Brazil, Colombia, PanamA. 



arcuala, Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng. 29. 12 (i8o3). 

 lineola Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng. 3o. 14 (i8o3). 

 glabrata Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng. 3i (i8o3). 

 eligiintula Perty, Del. Anim. 178 (i83o). 



7. strigosa Fabricius, Syst. Rhyng. 3o. i5 (i8o3). Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela. 



8. strigtilosa VValker, List Hom. B. M. Suppl. i53 (i858). Brazil. 



9. trigona Walker, List Hom. B. M. 587. 8 (i85i). Colombia. 



latifrons Walker, List Hom. B. M. 588. 19 (i85i). 



10. venosa Walker, Ins. Saund. 76 (i858). Unknown. 



72. GENUS CERATOPOLA STAL 



Cepatopola Stal, Bid. Memb. Kan. 232 (1869). 



Chapacteps : Ceratof>ola was described as a subgenus of Tragopa by Stal on the strength of the 

 cornute humeral angles and was raised to generic rank by Goding (1928) on the basis of the same 

 character. Stal describes the group as foUows : « Head somewhat prominent before the thorax, 

 armed at the base with two conical horns. Thorax provided with a longitudinal ridge very distinctly 

 acute, transversely depressed at apex, anterior margin very obtusely rounded, lateral anterior margin 

 between the eyes and lateral angles provided with a ridge. » 



