74 LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA 
Characters. — Head smooth; ocelli posterior; tongue developed. Antennae 2/3-4/5, in gf 
simple or minutely ciliated, basal joint moderately elongate. without pecten. Labial palpi long, recurved, 
second joint thickened with scales, rough and more or less furrowed beneath, terminal joint as long as 
second or somewhat shorter or longer, rather slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short, filiform, 
appressed to tongue. Posterior tibiae clothed with hairs above. Forewings rarely with rough scales; 
1b furcate, 2 from 3/4 or towards angle, rarely 3 and 4 short-stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 
6 sometimes out of 7 towards base, 11 from middle. Hindwings 1 or over r, trapezoidal, apex pointed or 
obtuse, termen more or less sinuate, cilia 2/3-1 1/2; 3 and 4 connate or seldom short-stalked, 5 somewhat 
approximated, 6 and 7 closely approximated at base or connate or stalked. 
Remarks. — Correlated with PA/Aorimaea as a parallel line of development. Such variation of 
structure as occurs is gradual and indefinite, and does not allow of further natural subdivision. The - 
greater part of the species are obscurely and similarly coloured, and their large number renders their 
study difficult; but there is also a considerable proportion with conspicuous black and white colouring. 
Many are retired in hapit, and only obtained readily by rearing the larvae. 
Geographical distribution of species. — Summarised approximately (several species occur 
in both Europe and North America, and it is uncertain with which they should be classed) as follows : 
American 170, Palaearctic 146, South African 41, India 3, China rz, Australia 11, New Zealand 9. This 
interesting distribution indicates an origin and extensive development in North America and the 
Palaearctic region at a time (not very remote) when these two zoological areas had free interconnection. 
by the north, and whilst the Indian peninsula was an island; thence the genus, constitutionally 
habituated to temperate climates, spread to South America and South Africa mainly by the high lands; 
it is apparently ill adapted to face the climate of India. The New Zealand species are interesting, since 
they form a single connected group unquestionably allied to the North American species of the variabilis 
group, and must (like most of the larger genera of New Zealand Lepidoptera) have travelled thither by 
way of the Andes and the Antarctic lands. The Australian species (which have certainly no connection 
with the New Zealand group) will probably be found eventually to have come from Eastern Asia by 
way of the Philippines and New Guinea. 
Larva (known for 76 species) feeding usually in spun leaves or shoots, very rarely mining in 
leaves or fruits. 
Foodplants : Leguminosae (14), Salicaceae (10), Polygonaceae (7), Rosaceae (6), Tamaricaceae (5), 
Ericaceae (4), Cupuliferae (4), Anacardiaceae (3), Compositae (3), Musci (3) and 14 other orders (usually low 
plants or shrubs). 
1. G. basaltinella, Zeller, Isis, p. 198 (1839). Europe. 
2. G. dryadella, Zeller, Stett. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 11, p. 152 (1850). S. Europe, Asia Minor. 
fhoebusella, Milliére, Cat. Lép. Alp. Mar. p. 328 (1875). 
3. G. domestica, Haworth, Lep. Brit. p. 551 (1828). C. & S. Europe, Madeira, 
salmonis, Walsingham, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 937 (1907). N. Africa, Palestine. 
4. G. umbrosella, Zeller, Isis, p. 201 (1839). C. Europe. 
5. G. afinis, Douglas, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2), Vol. 1, p. 17 (1850). C. Europe, Syria. 
tegulella, Herrich-Scháffer, Schmett. Eur, Vol. 5, p. 182 (1855). 
6. G. thuleclla, Staudinger, Stett. Ent. Zeit. Vol. 18, p. 276 (1857). ^ Iceland. 
7. O. uigricella, Chrétien, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 316 (1915). Algeria. 
8. G. fuliginosella, Snellen, Vlind. Nederl. Vol. 2, p. 645 (1882). Holland. 
9. G. similis, Stainton, Ins. Brit. Tin. p. 115 (1854). England, Holland, 
obscurecinerea, Nolcken, Lep. Faun, Livl. Vol, 2, p. 573 (1870). Latvia. 
confinis, Stainton, Ent Annual, p. 98 (1871). 
stolidella, Gregson, Morris, Brit. Moths, pl. 108, f. 1 (1872). 
