370 DARWINISM chap. 



lands ; and, in the next place, there is not a particle of direct 

 evidence that any such lowering of temperature in inter- 

 tropical lowlands ever took place. The only alleged evidence 

 of the kind is that adduced by the late Professor Agassiz and 

 Mr. Hartt ; but I am informed by my friend, Mr. J. C. Branner 

 (now State Geologist of Arkansas, U.S.), who succeeded Mr. 

 Hartt, and spent several years completing the geological 

 survey of Brazil, that the supposed moraines and glaciated 

 granite rocks near Rio Janeiro and elsewhere, as well as the 

 so-called boulder -clay of the same region, are entirely ex- 

 plicable :is the results of sub-aerial denudation and weathering, 

 and that there is no proof whatever of glaciation in any 

 part of Brazil. 



Loiver Temperature not needed to Explain the Facts. 

 But any such vast physical change as that suggested by 

 Darwin, involving as it does such tremendous issues as re- 

 gards its effects on the tropical fauna and flora of the ^vhole 

 world, is really quite uncalled for, because the facts to be 

 explained are of the same essential nature as those presented 

 by remote oceanic islands, between which and the nearest con- 

 tinents no temperate land connection is postulated. In pro- 

 portion to their limited area and extreme isolation, the Azores, 

 St. Helena, the Galapagos, and the Sandwich Islands, each 

 possess a fairly rich — the last a very rich — indigenous flora ; 

 and the means Avhich sufficed to stock them with a great 

 variety of plants would probably suffice to transmit others 

 from mountain-top to mountain-top in various parts of the 

 globe. In the case of the Azores, we have large numbers of 

 species identical with those of Europe, and others closely allied, 

 forming an exactly parallel case to the species found on the 

 various mountain summits which have been referred to. The 

 distances from Madagascar to the South African mountains 

 and to Kilimandjaro, and from the latter to Abyssinia, are no 

 greater than from Spain to the Azores, while there are other 

 equatorial mountains forming stepping-stones at about an 

 equal distance to the Camcroons. Between Java and the 

 Himalayas we have the lofty mountains of Sumatra and of 

 North-western Burma, forming steps at al)out the same distance 

 apart ; while between Kini Balu and the Australian Alps we 



