224) DRAUGHT AND HAEXESS. 



is a one-sided view of the case, as the question is, 

 according to our apprehension, not with what kind of 

 machine can we do the work, taking much or little out 

 of the horse % but, on the contrary, how can we do the 

 work required, taking the least out of the animal ? We 

 have now perhaps said quite enougli about the angle of 

 traction, taken by itself, and proceed to consider 



The Collar. — Let us first suppose the collar to fit 

 perfectly, and to lie in such a position with regard to 

 the shoulder-blade that when we talk of a line being 

 parallel to or at a given angle with the one, the same 

 also applies to the other. Moreover, we may confine 

 our remarks at present to one side of the collar, the 

 other side being acted on by precisely similar forces 

 and in the same directions, by which means a balance 

 is established. We may now go back to p. 48 of 

 Part I., beginning to read at the word, " supposing 

 now the under surface of the saddle," continuing 

 through the whole of p. 49, and ending in p. 50 with 

 the words, "a defect that depends on the rider him- 

 self." All that is said here of the saddle and the 

 rider's weight applies perfectly to the collar and the 

 pull on the trace, excepting, of course, that in the 

 former case the question is of the efTcct of gravity, 

 which always acts in one direction, whereas in the 

 latter we have muscular action producing a pull in a 

 direction that may be varied ; otherwise, however, the 

 analogy is complete. For as in the saddle injury to 

 the horse's back is best avoided by placing the rider's 

 weight in the centre, so with the collar, injury to the 

 neck and shoulder is best avoided by getting the pull 

 from the middle, and for the same reason in both cases, 

 because the pressure is then distributed over the whole 



