450 



MALFORMATIONS OF TjEXIA SAGINATA. 



or to Eudolphi's T. solium, were it not that the subsidiary circum- 

 stances mentioned in almost all cases prove that the reference is 

 to the former. My own observations of such malformations refer 

 almost exclusively to T. saginata, as do the researches of Leidy 

 and Welch, which we shall afterwards refer to. 1 Of course, this 

 does not imply that T. solium is by any means free from mal- 

 formations. 



Of these different malformations, I will mention first that which 

 consists in the multiplication of the generative openings. This one is 

 by no means rare, and traces of it may be seen in almost every chain. 

 But, as a rule, the multiplication is but inconspicuous, and limited to 

 a few joints. Thus Pallas mentions joints with two or three genital 

 papillae, sometimes on the same side, sometimes on both sides, in ir- 

 regular alternation. Nor is this by any means the highest number. 

 I have myself counted five papilla? on one joint, and Colin 2 mentions 

 an unsegmented piece 15 cm. long, which must have possessed at 

 least 25-30 genital pores. 



Especially interesting in this connection was a worm sent me by 

 Dr. A. Schmidt of Frankfort on the Main, in which there was a series 



of such joints in various stages of develop- 

 ment. Closer examination showed, however, 

 that the malformation was not confined to 

 an increase in the number of generative open- 

 ings. Behind each porus genitalis there were 

 the component parts of a perfectly herma- 

 phrodite generative apparatus, as in the nor- 

 mal joints, except that the boundaries of the 

 various organs overlapped a good deal, and 



. . . 



nata with two and three genital that the various parts were not unfrequeiitly 



im P erfectl y developed through want of 

 space. This was of course most distinct 

 in the younger unripe joints, where the uteri had not yet attained 

 their full development. When more than two openings are found 

 together in one joint, the sexual organs appertaining to the middle 

 pores are usually the least developed. The uterus is usually short- 

 ened, and has few lateral branches, and in the young joints the 

 female germ-producing organs are also small in size. Although the 

 shortening of the uteri is often very marked, and though the stems 

 and various branches of the different systems cross each other abun- 

 dantly, I have never seen them in direct connection. There were 



1 Leidy, Proc. Acad. Philadelpk., p. 54, 1871 ; Welch, Quart. Journ. Alter. Sci. t 

 vol. xv., p. 1, 1875. 



2 Gazette des Mpitaux, No. 1, 1876. 



FIG. 257. Joints of T. sagi- 



