542 OCCURRENCE AND RESULTS OF CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSE. 



great number of more trivial cases which never call for clinical 

 treatment. 



The highest ratio furnished by our existing data is that of Berlin, 

 where the Cysticercus during the years 1866-1875 occurred, according 

 to Dressel, not less than eighty-seven times in 5300 dissections that 

 is, 1'6 per cent. In 1866 Virchow estimated this per-centage at two, 1 

 and with this agrees Rudolphi's report that in the anatomical threatre 

 at Berlin the Cysticercm only occurred four or five times in about 

 250 bodies. In Dresden the state of the case is very similar. Between 

 1852 and 1862 twenty- two cases of bladder- worm occurred out of 

 2002 examinations, that is, T9 per cent. ; while in the Pathological 

 Institute at Erlangen fourteen cases occurred among 1812 bodies, i.e., 

 0'78 per cent. (Miiller). In Gottingen the per-centage was 0*63, or 

 four out of 639. In Wiirzburg during seven years Virchow only saw 

 Cysticerci on very rare occasions, while the famous helminthologist 

 Bremser in Vienna had never seen one at all. The occurrence of this 

 parasite was first established there in the course of pathological 

 investigations, 2 but the cases were so few that they cannot at all be 

 compared with those occurring in Berlin, and in other districts of 

 North Germany. 3 



The age and sex of the bladder-worm patients have been recorded 

 only by Dressel. From his report we first note the fact that the 

 majority of patients (thirty-nine out of the seventy-four whose age 

 was noted) were in the prime of life a result which also holds good 

 in regard to the adult Tcenia. Six of them were above seventy, one was 

 eighty- four years of age. In children the Cysticercus was only twice 

 found, once in a child three years old, and again in one " who seemed 

 to be only a few days " old. 



The bladder-worms in adults were often calcified, so that one was 

 perhaps justified in referring them to an introduction in earlier years, 

 but, on the other hand, there were also some instances of fresh 

 Cysticerci. The latter prove at least this much, that the introduction 

 and development of the tape-worm brood is in the case of man in no- 

 way restricted to a definite age, as it seems to be, according to Gerlach, 



1 V. Graefe, Archivf. Ophthalmology, Bd. xii., p. 2. 



a Rokitansky, "Pathol. Anat.," Bd. ii., div. loc. 



3 In agreement with this is the fact that Hebra observed among 10,000 patients 

 suffering from diseases of the skin only one case of bladder-worms in the subcutaneous 

 tissue, and that the Viennese oculists sought vainly for bladder- worms in the eye, while 

 those in Berlin noticed hundreds. Mauthner reports that in 30,000 eye-patients he had 

 never seen a Cysticercus. Berlin, in Stuttgart, found one among 40,000 patients, and 

 Wecker, in Paris, one in 60,000 ; while v. Graefe, in Berlin, estimates its occurrence at one 

 per thousand, and A. Grafe and Hirschberg at a still greater per-centage. (See Graefe 

 and Saemisch, " Handb. d. ges. Augenheilk.," Bd. iv., v., vL, loc. div.). Bladder- worms 

 in the eye are rare in Switzerland and in England. 



