554 OCCURRENCE AND RESULTS OF CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSE. 



sometimes occur, usually without any envelope. We need not again 

 note that here also we have to do with a secondary condition. 1 The 

 worms in question obviously originate in the choroid plexus, which is 

 sometimes, as we have seen, inhabited by bladder-worms. 



The same may be said of the bladder-worms which are found in 

 the meshes of the arachnoid and pia mater on the surface of the 

 brain. They have usually an irregular form, and sometimes vary so 

 much from the ordinary type that their true nature is not evident at 

 the first glance. These extreme cases are called " branched " Cysticerci 

 (C. racemosus) by Zenker, who lately directed our attention to them. 2 

 The name is not inapt, since they often appear as long extended 

 cylindrical bodies (sometimes 8, or even, according to Heller, 25 cm. 

 long), of varying thickness, and giving off in their course numerous 

 more or less large bladders. The latter are not unfrequently stalked, 

 and are beset with irregular daughter-bladders, so that their ap- 

 pearance varies greatly. Heads are but seldom found, and at 



most only one to each bunch. They 

 have the characters of Tcenia solium, 

 and show their connection with it by 

 sometimes occurring along with the 

 genuine Cysticercus cellulosce (as in 

 Marchand's case), and by the latter 

 being connected with them by inter- 

 Fio .300 .-Cysticercus racemosus, mediate stages. 8 Besides, they have 



after Marchand (nat. size). 



also the microscopic protuberances of 



the cuticle, and the scattered calcareous bodies like the common 

 Cysticercus cellulosce. 



We do not yet know by what circumstances this unusual growth 

 is determined, but we may conjecture that the form of the enclosing 

 space and the course of the blood-vessels which penetrate the mem- 

 branes of the brain and pass out on to the surface, have something to 

 do with it. This fact also ought to be noted, that, according to Mar- 

 chand, the attached bladders do not merely arise by protrusion of the 

 wall of the bladder, but result in part from buds which are formed on 



1 In the case observed by Zenker, in which a Cysticercus was found free in an 

 aneurisinal sac attached to the vertebral artery (Heller, in " Ziemssen's Handbuch," Bd. 

 iii., p. 344 ; Eng. transl., p. 609), I think this sac should be regarded as the bladder which 

 ultimately came into communication with the lumen of the vessel 



2 See Heller, loc. cit., p. 823 ; Eng. transl., p. 598. Also, Marchand, " Ein Fall von 

 sog. Cysticercus racemosus des Gehirnes," Archiv f. pathvl. Anat., Bd. Ixxv., p. 104, 

 1879. I must also note that the irregular form of the Cysticerci in the brain was pre- 

 viously known to Helminthologists. 



3 In one of Zenker's cases the patient had also suffered from Tcenia solium. Heller, 

 loc. cit., p. 334 ; Eng. transl., p. 599. 



