556 OCCURRENCE AND RESULTS OF CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSE. 



Lead-processes when protruded were 2 cm. and upwards in length. In 

 the retracted state, such a head-process is usually coiled in a regular 



spiral of sometimes three turns. 

 Koberle', who first described 

 such forms, 1 thought he was 

 justified in erecting them into 

 a species distinct from Cysticer- 

 cus cellulosce in the form and 

 size of the hooks (Cyst, turbi- 

 natus). I have, however, con- 

 vinced myself by accurate com- 

 parison that there are no 

 specific differences between the 

 two forms. Probably the ex- 

 cessive length of the body 

 depends on the age attained by 



FIG. 301. Bladder-worm from the brain with the bladder-worm in question 

 a spirally coiled body. ( x 12. ) ^ ^ ^ 



Nor can I recognise the Cysticercus melanocephalus of the same 

 author, 2 a species established on the strength of a single form also 

 found in the brain. It seemed indeed to be distinguishable by certain 

 peculiarities in its hooks, but the reports of the author are by no means 

 convincing. As to the erection of a species on the strength of the 

 nature of the head-process, this has as little diagnostic value as the 

 presence of the black pigment which is more rarely seen in the 

 bladder-worms than in the adult Tcenice, but occurs sometimes even 

 in this stage. 



The almost countless observations which have been made since. 

 Werner's days on the Cijsticercus cellulosce of man prove clearly how 

 much attention has been attracted to these structures by the discovery 

 of their animal nature. What was formerly known is so disproportion- 

 ately little, that it was for long a current opinion that Werner was 

 the first to find bladder-worms in man. The error of this is evident 

 from the fact that in the well-known compilation of Bonetus 8 I find* 

 a case observed by Wharton (1679), " de glandulis sanis varias corporis 

 partes occupantibus in milite," which obviously refers to bladder- worms 

 in the skin or muscles. One of these so-called "glands" was cut 

 out by a surgeon, and since it "citra ullum putridum aut con-up- 

 turn humorem tota ex solida glandulosa atque alba carne constabat," 



1 Koberte, " Des Cysticerques de Tsenias de 1' homme," pp. 22, 29 : Paris, 1861. 



2 Ibid., pp. 25, 30. 



3 " Sepulchretum e. Anatomia practica," p. 1540 : Geneva, 1679. 



4 " Blasenbandwurmer," p. 3. 



