FORMATION OF INTERNAL DAUGHTER-BLADDERS. 619 



ten pounds taken by Leroux from the liver, there were hundreds of 

 daughter-bladders which varied between the size of a pea and that of an 

 egg j 1 while an Echinococcus weighing fifteen pounds, observed in the 

 thoracic cavity by my now deceased friend Kriiger in Brunswick, 

 contained only twenty-five bladders, and an Echinococcus of 12 pounds 

 found by Lelouis in the Douglas' pouch of a man contained only ten 

 about the size of nuts. 2 



The number of enclosed daughter-bladders may indeed sink still 

 further, as is proved by two cases mentioned by Krabbe and by 

 Andral, in which two large Echinococci, occupying the whole lower 

 lobe of the lungs, enclosed in the one case two, and in the other 

 three small daughter-bladders. The number may, on the other hand, 

 greatly increase even at an early stage, as is proved, e.g., by a case 

 observed by Yelpeau, in which an Echinococcus about the size of an 

 egg, which had developed under the shoulder-blade, 3 on being 

 punctured set free at least a hundred bladders, of which the largest 

 were about the size of a hazel-nut, and the smallest hardly larger 

 than a pin-head. 



From these instances one cannot but be convinced that the vege- 

 tative relations of the Echinococcus present great divergences, of which 

 the determinant factors are not yet clearly known. All the more 

 must we avoid forming judgments on the strength of presupposed 

 standards. 



If the daughter-bladders be but few in number, so that they can 

 develop unhampered on all sides, then they have always a beautiful 

 and regular spherical form. In other cases the mutual pressure pro- 

 duces the most manifold shapes. Some are more or less compressed, 

 others constricted like a sand-glass, while others again exhibit three, 

 four, or more smaller flattenings. In spite of all differences of appear- 

 ance, these agree histologically with the simple Echinococci, as I need 

 hardly repeat after what has been said above. 



The question readily suggests itself, How do these daughter-bladders 

 arise ? The answer is not so readily obtained. From the fact that 

 the so-called " secondary hydatids " are in their properties as 

 thoroughly identical with the mother-bladder as are the exogenously 

 produced daughter-bladders, one might reasonably suppose that they 

 originated in the same way, in other words, that they were developed 

 from small beginnings in the wall of the mother-bladder. Only this 

 difference would obtain between them, that in the simple Echinococcus 

 the daughter-bladders emerge on the exterior, while in the hydatid 

 form they appear and remain within the cavity of the mother-bladder. 

 This is in fact Kuhn's opinion, and was also mine in the first edition 



1 Davaine, loc. cit., p. 456. 2 Ibid., p. 513. 3 Ibid., p. 544. 



