82 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 



headed, they hang down. The eyes of all are 

 more horizontal than in the wild species ; they are 

 seated somewhat nearer together, are comparatively 

 larger, of light brown, black, and sometimes of 

 light blue colours. Dogs stand more perpendicu- 

 larly upon the toes than wolves; the croup is 

 equal, or even higher, than the shoulders. But it 

 is in their intellectual powers that they are chiefly 

 and eminently distinguished from their congeners, 

 powers rooted in . their original constitution, unat- 

 tainable by those that have remained wild, and only 

 in part developed by education and circumstances ; 

 modified, or even deteriorated, by crosses with the 

 irreclaimable species. 



Of all carnivorous quadrupeds, they possess the 

 greatest variety of modulations in their voice : they 

 bark, bay, howl, yelp, whine, cry, growl, and snarl, 

 according to the emotions they feel. When en- 

 couraging each other in hunting, expressing the 

 language of authority; in watchfulness, at distant 

 noises, or displeasure at particular sounds ; in pain 

 or suffering, they have an expressive moan ; a gut- 

 tural tremulous squeal, under impatience ; a snarl, 

 in anger ; and a kind of shriek, when their passions 

 are excited to ferocity. Who is there so little ob- 

 servant as not to know, almost by the sound of the 

 first note, the peculiar bark of the drover and shep- 

 herd's dog, half intonated, as the expression of 

 delegated authority, and understood by the flock or 

 the drove, the more earnest repetition when the 

 first signal is disregarded, followed by the low and 



