MEMOIR OP GESNER. 41 



per to mention that a number of others subsequently 

 appeared, some in Latin, others in German, and one 

 or two in French. Several of these, we believe all, 

 are more or less abridged and altered in the arrange- 

 ment ; some of them are designed to be mere vehi- 

 cles for the woodcuts, with the addition of a portion 

 of the original text in explanation of the figures. It 

 is these later and less regular editions which are 

 most commonly met with in libraries. 



The animals are simply arranged in the alpha- 

 betical order of their Latin names ; and the account 

 of each is divided into eight heads or chapters, 

 referring to the following particulars : 1st, the names 

 in different languages, ancient and modern ; 2d, de- 

 scription of parts external and (occasionally) inter- 

 nal, and varieties of the species ; 3d, various actions 

 and passions, whether natural or contrary to nature ; 

 4th, affections of the mind, manners, and instincts, 

 &c. ; 5th, various uses to man, besides food and 

 remedies; 6th, uses as food; 7th, diseases; 8th, 

 philology, or references made to them by authors, 

 whether in prose or verse, the epithets they have 

 applied, &c. 



The general arrangement, if such it can be called, 

 differs but little from that of Aristotle, the grand 

 division being into land and water animals. As an 

 example of his mode of subdividing a primary group 

 into what he calls orders, we shall give a digest of 

 his arrangement of quadrupeds : 



