INTRODUCTION. 81 



the first of these, no doubt, parent of the Persian 

 asp, and the latter of Turan, the land of the swift, 

 an ancient appellation of Bokhara or the valley of 

 the Jaxartes, that river which in Hindu mythology 

 is always represented issuing out of a horse's mouth, 

 and therefore another indication of the quarter 

 whence horses became known to Southern Asia. 

 Now, referring to atun, we may believe it to be 

 another mutation like asp from aswa, or along with 

 aswa from a root still older, and be likewise in con- 

 nexion with wjro$ and equus, which are claimed to 

 be Pelasgian modifications, and that the Finnic epo 

 and upping, an ancient Anglo-Saxon and Frisic 

 term, is similarly related to twos. All these names 

 are expressive of qualities, and their roots may be 

 fairly traced. A similar slight mutation places the 

 Hebrew "HH, ramach, and the Celto-Scythic march* 

 a horse, a mare, in the same affinity; and if we 

 take one more name, 7v, sus or sush, in Turkish 

 still sukh, the most ancient term for that animal 

 known in the south-west of Asia, and the origin of 

 Susiana and Susa, whither the earliest Caucasian 

 invaders appear to have come to settle with their 

 horses in the pastures along the river Choaspes, we 

 have also an indication of colour, for sush, a muta- 

 tion of sur, the inversion of rhus, applies to bay, the 

 general livery of horses ; a name which in the West 

 slightly varied to rhos, or hros, and horse, belongs to 

 both the animal and the colour ; while the word bay, 

 in Latin badius^ and in old Teutonic bayert, may be 

 imported from Arabia, where leyal denotes the same 



