236 ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 



corresponds to an apple of German-Swiss orchards, now 

 called campaner. The English wild apple, figured in 

 English Botany, pi. 179, is 17 mm. long by 22 wide. It 

 is possible that the little apples of the lake-dwellings 

 were wild ; however, their abundance in the stores makes 

 it doubtful. Dr. Gross sent me two apples from the more 

 recent palafittes of Lake Neuchatel ; the one is 17 the 

 other 22 mm. in longitudinal diameter. At Lagozza, in 

 Lombardy, Sordelli 1 mentions two apples, the one 17 

 mm. by 19, the other 19 mm. by 27. In a prehistoric 

 deposit of Lago Varese, at Bardello, Ragazzoni found an 

 apple in the stores a little larger than the others. 



From all these facts, I consider the apple to have 

 existed in Europe, both wild and cultivated, from pre- 

 historic times. The lack of communication with Asia 

 before the Aryan invasion makes it probable that the 

 tree was indigenous in Europe as in Anatolia, the south 

 of the Caucasus, and Northern Russia, and that its culti- 

 vation began early everywhere. 



Quince Cydonia vulgaris, Persoon. 



The quince grows wild in the woods in the north of 

 Persia, near the Caspian Sea, in the region to the south 

 of the Caucasus, and in Anatolia. 2 A few botanists have 

 also found it apparently wild in the Crimea, and in the 

 north of Greece; 3 but naturalization may be suspected 

 even in the east of Europe, and the further we advance 

 towards Italy, especially towards the south-west of 

 Europe and Algeria, the more it becomes probable that 

 the species was naturalized at an early period round 

 villages, in hedges, etc. 



No Sanskrit name is known for the quince, whence 

 it may be inferred that its area did not extend towards 

 the centre of Asia. Neither is there any Hebrew name, 

 though the species is wild upon Mount Taurus. 4 The 

 Persian name is haivah, 5 but I do not know whether 



1 Sordelli, Sulle Piante della Stazione di Lagozza, p. 35. 



* Boissier, Fl. Orient., ii. p. 656; Ledebour, Fl. Ross., ii. p. 55. 



8 Steven, Verzeichniss Taurien, p. 150; Sibthorp, Prodr. Fl. Grsecse, 

 i. p. 344. 



4 Boissier, ibid. 



* Nemnich, Polyglott 



