VI 



CONTENTS 



Page 

 4. Principles and Conclusions {Con- 

 tinued), 

 Main researches of Plateau (Con- 

 tinued). 



Choice of colors by insects 154 



Errors made by Anthidium 155 



Admiration of syrphids for bright 



flowers 156 



Attraction of colored cloths and 



brilliant objects 156 



Constancy among bees 157 



Mistakes made by bees 157 



Removal of the antennae of bum- 

 ble-bees 158 



Evidence of the attractive role of 



odor 159 



Decorollate poppies and insect 



visits 159 



New experiments with artificial 



flowers 160 



Conclusions as to artificial flowers 162 

 Macroglossa and false flowers. ... 164 

 Entomophilous flowers little vis- 

 ited by insects 165 



Related studies and critiques 166 



Comparative importance of odor 



and color 166 



Perez's critique of Plateau's work 167 



Effect of colors at the hive 168 



Critiques of Kienitz-Gerloff 168 



Knuth's critique 169 



Reeker's experiments with arti- 

 ficial flowers 171 



Decorollate poppies 171 



Response to color and odor by a 



hawk-moth 175 



Vexillary nature of the plume in 



Muscari 175 



Forel's experiments with covered 

 dahlias and with artefacts .... 176 



Response of Syritta 178 



Andreae's experiments with arti- 

 ficial flowers 178 



Andreae's conclusions 181 



Andreae's criticisms of Plateau's 



work 182 



Plateau's criticisms of Andreae's 



work 182 



Wery's experiments with decorol- 

 late and artificial flowers 183 



Plateau's criticisms of Wery's 



experiments 185 



Experiments of Weismann and 



Errera 186 



Orientation of the honey-bee at 



flowers of the same species .... 186 

 Discrimination between similar 



species of flowers 187 



Orientation of the bee within the 



flower 188 



Chance observations of visits to 



imitations 189 



Knoll's critique of Plateau's 



study of Macroglossa 193 



Recent investigations 193 



The color sense of the honey-bee 193 

 Can bees distinguish colors? .... 194 



Page 

 4. Principles and Conclusions (Con- 

 tinued) . 

 Recent investigations (Continued). 



The pollination of green flowers . . 195 

 Conspicuous flowers rarely visited 



by insects 196 



Response of honey-bees to colored 



artefacts 197 



Pattern vision in the honey-bee. . 198 

 Experiments with cotton blos- 

 soms 198 



Color sense and memory in the 



honey-bee 199 



Frisch's researches — sense of color 



and form in the honey-bee .... 200 

 The supposed color sense of the 



honey-bee 201 



Seasonal changes in response to 



honey 202 



The sense of smell in the honey- 

 bee 203 



Bombylius and the colors of 



flowers 205 



Vision and flower behavior of 



Macroglossa stellatarum 206 



Response of bees to spectral bands 207 

 Evaluation of Plateau's researches 208 



Forel's estimate 208 



Contradictory nature of Plateau's 



later conclusions 212 



Conclusions as to Plateau's views 213 



Senses of insects 213 



Sight 213 



The mosaic theory 213 



Criticisms of Plateau's views as 



to vision 215 



Sensibility to color 215 



Perception of form and move- 

 ment by insects 215 



Discrimination of form 216 



Vision in honey-bees 216 



Vision in ants 217 



The role of ultra-violet in at- 

 traction 217 



The homing faculty in bees and 



wasps 217 



Fabre's experiment with bees 



and wasps 217 



Lubbock's and Forel's critique 



of Fabre's conclusions 218 



Homing faculty of bees 220 



Sense of direction in ground- 

 wasps 220 



Disturbance of memory in 



wasps 221 



Observations on the homing of 



Bembex and Pampilus 221 



Memory of place in Osmia. . . . 222 

 The field and nest flights of the 



bumble-bee 223 



The homing of the mud-dauber 



wasp 223 



Experiments on the orientation 



of bees in homing 224 



Homing abilitv in Polistes .... 224 

 Smell 225 



