CONTENTS. 



1. Introduction and Methods 



Introduction 



Objectives 



Methods 



General principles 



Normal pollination 



Experimental pollination 



Organization of experiments 



Change of position or place 



Concealing or disguising flowers. . 



Mutilation 



Artificial and painted flowers .... 

 Addition of parts or substances . . 



Competition 



Manipulation of insects 



Life-history methods and records . 

 Life-history record of a represen- 

 tative species 



2. Normal and Experimental Pol- 



lination 



Aconitum columbianum 



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Normal pollination 15 



Structure 



Behavior 



Experiments 



Change of position 



Horizontal racemes 



Racemes inverted 



Mutilations 



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 17 



Cotton plugs 17 



Stamens removed 17 



Hood split 17 



Hood removed 17 



Hood and nectaries removed 17 



Lower sepals removed 17 



Side petals removed 18 



Competitive relations 18 



Artificial and painted flowers. . 18 



Normal colors 18 



Artificial flowers 19 



Painted flowers 20 



Addition of honey and odor. . . 21 



Honey 21 



Perfumes 22 



Summary 22 



Delphinium scopulorum 22 



Normal pollination 22 



Habit and structure 22 



Behavior 22 



Experiments 23 



Change of position 23 



Inverted racemes 23 



Horizontal racemes 23 



Mutilation 23 



Cotton plugs 23 



Petals removed 23 



Spur removed 23 



Landing-platform removed. . 24 

 Artificial and painted flowers . . 24 



Crepe-paper corollas 24 



Crepe-paper corollas with 



spurs 24 



Painted flowers 25 



2. Normal and Experimental Pol- 

 lination {Continued). 

 Delphinium scopulorum (Continued). 



Addition of odor 



Perfume 



Summary 



Rubus deliciosus 



Normal pollination 



Habit and structure 



Behavior 



Variation in visits 



Experiments 



Mutilation 



Petals split or shortened .... 



Stamens covered 



Artificial and painted flowers . . 



Crepe-paper corollas 



Painted corollas 



Addition of honey or odor .... 



Honey 



Summary 



Rubus strigosus 



Normal pollination 



Habit and structure 



Behavior 



Experiments 



Mutilation 



Floral envelopes or stamens 



removed 



Rosa acicularis 



Normal pollination 



Habit and structure 



Behavior 



Experiments 



Mutilation 



Corolla shortened 



Stamens masked 



Artificial and painted flowers . . 



Crepe-paper corollas 



Addition of honey and odor. . . 



Honey 



Honey and talcum powder. . 



Camphor 



Summary 



Geranium caespitosum 



Normal pollination 



Habit and structure 



Behavior 



Calendars 



Experiments 



Change of position 



Flowers vertical or inverted 



Mutilation 



Cotton over nectaries 



Excision 



Artificial and painted flowers. . 



Crepe-paper corollas 



Addition of honey and odor. . . 



Honey 



Summary 



Chamaenerium angustifolium 



Normal pollination 



Habit and structure 



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