FRASERA SPECIOSA. 

 Table 44. — Visitors to normal flowers. 



59 



Visitors, 

 35 min. 



Visitors, 

 90 min. 



Visitors, 

 90 min. 



Apis mellifica 



Bombus juxtus. . . 

 Andrena crataegi. 

 Halictus pulzenus 



Total 



97 



Robertson has discussed the pollination of Frasera carolinensis (1893:48) 

 and given a list of visitors (1895:142). 



EXPERIMENTS. 



MUTILATION. 



Types. — Flowers were modified in the following ways: (1) by removal 

 of the stamens; (2) removal of petals to the nectary; (3) removal of nectary 

 hairs; (4) removal of hairs and pads, leaving only the nectar pit; (5) removal 

 of pistil; (6) by splitting the petals. Observation during an hour on July 28 

 gave the results shown in table 45 when 30 normal flowers and 5 of each 

 type of mutilation were used. 



Table 45. — Visits to normal and mutilated flowers. 



While the number of visits is too small to permit definite conclusions, 

 mutilation increased them somewhat, probably in consequence of making 

 the nectar easier of access and allowing the odor to escape more readily. 



ARTIFICIAL AND PAINTED FLOWERS. 



Crepe-paper corollas. — The flowers of Frasera are gray-green with 

 blackish lines on the surface. In color and form they are not conspicuous, 

 though the upright brushes of hairs above the nectaries help to make 

 them somewhat so. Crepe-paper corollas of red, green, blue, yellow, or 

 white were used to disclose whether bright-colored petals would make 

 them more attractive. The petals of the flowers were removed before the 

 crepe- corollas were added, and the latter made to resemble them as closely 

 as possible. The hairs above the nectaries were left intact, so that the 

 general form of the flower was the same, although no nectar was present. 

 Bombus juxtus stopped at the yellow crepe flowers and put out its proboscis 



