FRASERA SPECIOSA. 61 



fact with reference to the selection of colors was that red stood next to blue, 

 while purple, which often occupies this place, was completely ignored. 



False corollas. — Blue corollas were made from petals of Campanula, 

 which were cut to shape and glued on the sepals. The nectaries and pro- 

 tecting hairs were left intact, but the remaining portions of the Frasera petals 

 were removed. Fourteen modified and 14 normal flowers were grouped on 

 the stalk under observation. The first Bombus juxtus to visit the blue 

 flowers had great difficulty in finding the nectary, as well as a place on which 

 to stand. The next one landed on the blue petals and thrust out its ligule. 

 At 9 successive flowers it pushed back the petals and tried to find the 

 nectary between these and the sepals. At each flower visited it eventually 

 found the nectar, but not readily, as it was accustomed to standing on the 

 petal and facing the pistil, while with the normal petal cut away from around 

 the nectary the visitor had to stand on a sepal. In three cases it finally 

 straddled the pistil and dipped its ligule into the nectaries. Bombus juxtus 

 showed no objection to the modified flowers, but Apis mellifica merely 

 inspected them without landing. 



Calendar 3. — Visits to flowers with Campanula petals. 



9 h 30 m Bombus juxtus, 1 blue. 



9 42 Apis mellifica, 4; Bombus juxtus, 3. 



9 43 Bombus juxtus, 3 blue. 



9 48 Bombus juxtus, 4; Apis mellifica, 6. 



9 51 Apis mellifica inspects blue, 3, inspects 

 blue, 2. 



9 55 Bombus juxtus, 4 blue. 

 10 00 Bombus juxtus, 6 blue, 1. This bee 

 had trouble finding the nectar; 

 it stood on the blue petal and 

 sipped at the adjoining nectar, 

 then walked around the pistil, 

 taking nectar from each of the 

 others. 

 10 02 Bombus juxtus, 2, 6; Apis mellifica, 3. 



10 h 05 m B. juxtus, 2 blue; Apis mellifica, 1. 



10 12 B. juxtus, 2, 9, 6 blue, 4; Apis mellifica 



inspects blue. 



10 17 B. juxtus, 2, 5 blue. 



10 23 Apis mellifica, 6, inspects blue, 3. 



10 27 A. mellifica; Bombus juxtus, 3. 



10 38 Bombus juxtus, 5 blue, 5, 3 blue, 4. 



10 42 B. juxtus, 2, 4 blue, 1. 



10 45 B. juxtus, 5 blue, 2. 



10 54 B. juxtus, 6 blue, 1, 2 blue. 



10 58 B. juxtus, 3, 2 blue, 6, 2 blue; Apis 



mellifica 1, inspects blue. 



11 04 Apis mellifica inspects blue. 

 11 06 A. mellifica 4. 



A summary shows that Bombus juxtus visited 60 normal and 56 blue 

 flowers, while Apis mellifica visited 37 normal and inspected 6 blue flowers, 

 but stopped to visit none of them. 



ADDITION OF NECTAR AND ODOR. 

 Nectar. — Honey-drops were placed where the nectaries would be in 

 normal flowers, and were also added to those with crepe corollas. Bombus 

 juxtus and Apis mellifica were working constantly on the flowers in this 

 location. In normal flowers they went directly to the nectaries, sipping 

 nectar from all four, but the paper flowers were avoided, even though they 

 had honey-drops on them. The honey-drops on normal flowers were 

 visited by 2 Apis mellifica and 1 Bombus juxtus, but they were not sufficiently 

 attractive to bring about a return visit. 



SUMMARY. 



Mutilation increased visits somewhat, owing chiefly to the behavior 

 at the flowers with the stamens or the nectary hairs removed. The response 

 of Bombus and Apis to artificial flowers was fairly typical, the one working 

 on them industriously, the other ignoring them entirely. In the case of 



