142 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS. 



placed by one without honey, while it was moved to one side at a distance 

 of 2 inches. The wasp returned to the original place occupied by the disk 

 without honey, and finding nothing there, rose a little, balanced two or 

 three times, and went to the paper with honey. During its absence honey 

 was placed upon a cross of white paper about 11 cm. long, and this with 

 the empty white disk was placed near the spot last visited. Upon returning 

 the wasp soon found the honey, probably because the cross was not suf- 

 ficiently different, and it was replaced by a white band. On the next, 

 visit the wasp flew direct to the white disk and searched a long time for 

 honey, and then went to the original place in vain. It repeated this before 

 it was able to find the honey in consequence of repeated searching. On the 

 morrow the wasp came twice to take nectar from the cross, when it was 

 caught and the antennae removed. It flew away, but returned in a half- 

 hour to sip upon the same cross. After its departure a similar cross with- 

 out honey was placed at one side, and on the other a band with honey, 

 the original cross then being taken away. The wasp returned, flew directly 

 to the cross, and alighted in the middle, hunting vainly during a rather 

 long time. Then it began to search, apparently remembering that the papers 

 had been frequently transposed, and after passing two or three times 

 within a few millimeters of the honey, finally found it after the tongue 

 practically touched it. 



A bumble-bee, trained to take honey from a blue disk, first flew to one 

 without honey, but taken again to the former, returned to it several times 

 without error. The blue disk was next replaced by a blue band, and a 

 disk alone put at a distance of three inches. The bee then flew straight 

 to the disk, but made only one turn before going to the band with nectar. 

 He was returned to the disk with nectar, which he visited several times. 

 Two hours later this was replaced by the band with honey, and a disk without 

 was put at 6 cm. This time the bee came first to the original place now occu- 

 pied by the band, but scarcely hesitated, failing to note the honey, and flew 

 to the empty disk, which he searched thoroughly two or three times, finally 

 going to the band with the honey. When a red disk with honey was sub- 

 stituted for the blue, and an empty blue one placed at 4 or 5 inches, the bee 

 each time went straight to the latter and could not find the honey on the 

 red disk, even though it was in the original place. Once found by chance, 

 he hardly tasted it, so much was he obsessed by the association of "honey 

 and blue," before he again began his search upon the blue disk, without 

 returning to the honey on the red one. This was explained by the fact 

 also that bumble-bees have much poorer memories than wasps, since 

 several visits are necessary to enable them to find a place without hesi- 

 tation, while one suffices for the wasp. 



Consequently, the influence of color was regarded as of the greatest 

 significance. The bee did not know enough to find the honey on the red 

 disk when he was brought to touch it; he still sought it on the blue with 

 a perseverance but little intelligent. It is evident that he perceived 

 the color in a fashion infinitely more intense than the form of the paper. 

 On the contrary, as Lubbock has shown, while the bumble-bees and honey- 

 bees distinguish colors especially well, wasps pay little attention to them, 

 but recognize places admirably, the one employed going direct to a red 



