RELATED STUDIES AND CRITIQUES. 173 



a distance of several meters, the bees came first to the habitual place and 

 flew about it for some time before finding the potted plants, on which they 

 went only to the normal flowers. When the latter were picked and placed 

 in water or wet sand near the plot, there were several times as many visitors 

 to them as to the mutilated flowers. As the visitors to the latter increased, 

 the two kinds were separated about 2 meters, with the result that 24 honey- 

 bees and 23 bumble-bees went to intact flowers and 15 and 10 to the muti- 

 lated ones. When the flower groups were again brought near each other, 

 the number of visitors to normal flowers alone was 1 honey-bee and 9 

 bumble-bees, to mutilated alone 16 honey-bees, while 11 bees and 1 Bombus 

 went first to a normal flower and 2 of the latter first to a decorollate one. 

 The 12 mutilated flowers were then removed to a distance of 2 meters and 

 in their place was put a new group of 5 similar ones; the latter received 8 

 visits, while a single bee alone found the flowers in the new position. Fin- 

 ally, the position of a single flower of each was changed each time, with 

 the results that 14 visitors came to the intact flower to 3 for the decorollate 

 one, the latter being visited first but a single time. When the intact 

 flower alone was shifted it still received all the visits, but when the two were 

 again brought together the sole visiting bee went 10 times to the intact 

 flower and then directly to the mutilated one. The normal flower was 

 then taken away, and the bee now visited the mutilated one. 



In the second series of experiments, Giltay (1906:468) extended the work 

 of Perez on the response of bees to red flowers, employing geranium and 

 corn-poppy for this purpose. A special instrument was devised for catch- 

 ing and marking bees, and practically all the studies were made with bees 

 so treated. The results of the experiments are expressed in a number of 

 resume's, as well as in the final summary. Trained bees came to the usual 

 place even when the plant used was not provided with honey; however, 

 they did not alight or for but a moment, though they landed in the normal 

 manner as soon as honey was placed on the flowers. When a plant without 

 honey was substituted for one with it, and the latter placed at a distance 

 of 1 to 2 meters, most of the first visits were made at the usual place, but 

 the honey plant was quickly found again. The honey-free plant was put 

 2.5 meters to one side of the usual place and the honey-bearing one the 

 same distance to the other side; several bees flew about the experimental 

 spot, but visited neither pot, until the honey-bearing plant was replaced, 

 when Nos. 5 and 4 visited it again. Five leaves were spread with honey and 

 placed on the ground below the honey-bearing plant. Within a few min- 

 utes, three visits were made to the latter and later these were repeated, 

 without the other plant or the honey-bearing leaves being perceived. This 

 indicated that the odor of the honey was not sufficiently strong to be attrac- 

 tive at the short distance represented by the height of the geranium plant. 

 When a cork with honey and a dish of the same were placed near the two 

 plants, both the latter were frequently visited, but the honey alone was not 

 noticed. In the next experiment, a blue flower of iris and a bud of poppy 

 with the calyx removed were put a meter distant on opposite sides of a 

 honey-bearing geranium, but neither was visited. The iris was then 

 replaced by a full-blown poppy, which was visited by both bees. When 

 Brassica was employed, it was also visited, though to a less degree than 

 the geranium. 



