174 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS. 



In the studies with Pelargonium, 22 honey-bees were concerned, 20 of 

 which were marked and brought to a flower provided with honey, while 2 

 made independent visits. Of the 22, only 4 returned to the place of experi- 

 ment and one of these, No. 4, more often than all the others. The visitors 

 to the honey-bearing flowers clearly exhibited place-memory, as well as a 

 preference for these over those without honey, and the ability to remember 

 Pelargonium after they had once learned it. During 14 days of experiment 

 no case was found of a marked bee bringing others, the only doubtful instance 

 being that of a bee that seemed to come by mere chance. Perez explained 

 the visits ultimately made to flowers without honey as due to the memory- 

 association of honey and color, and Giltay also found such visits to be 

 numerous. Moreover, he thought that, while form and fragrance might 

 play a part in this, it was improbable that these could be perceived as 

 quickly and accurately as was the case. His conclusion was that the 

 bees saw the flowers of Pelargonium as standing out against the back- 

 ground of different color and consequently could easily find them at a cer- 

 tain distance. 



The experiments with Papaver were designed to demonstrate the relative 

 attraction of decorollate flowers or of paper ones, usually with a natural 

 center, in competition with normal flowers. These were organized in such 

 a manner as to bring out clearly the effect of memory of place. In all 

 cases of competition between decorollate and intact flowers, the latter were 

 always much more visited. The method of exposure exerted an evident 

 influence upon the ratio, since the decorollate were first sought after the 

 normal flowers had been brought near them. As in the experiments of 

 1903, it was found that flowers covered with a pot were not visited when 

 they were not visible from the outside. In the case of paper flowers with 

 natural centers, one bee visited practically all of these, independently of 

 their position, while another was much more timid, flying to some of them, 

 but rarely alighting. However, in a second series, the first bee behaved 

 in a wholly inexplicable manner, going to both the normal and artificial 

 flowers, but stopping at none, until it finally landed on a yellow composite 

 one. By means of a particular grouping it was possible to bring the bees 

 to visit decorollate flowers readily, though to see the latter it was 

 almost necessary for them to pass very close. After the bees had been 

 attracted to the decorollate flowers, the latter were exposed with an intact 

 one, but this was then alone visited. 



In the case of Papaver, 27 bees were marked, of which 13 returned and 5 

 served for experimental purposes. These showed place memory in a high 

 degree. Of their own accord they found the decorollate flowers not at all 

 or only by chance, when these were not exposed in a most conspicuous 

 manner. Once attracted to them, they later found them more easily, and 

 often returned to the spot where the flowers had stood earlier. Likewise, 

 artificial flowers with natural centers were not readily visited, but they 

 were frequently sought after the bees had first been attracted to them. 

 Marked individual differences were exhibited by the bees employed in the 

 experiments, and the same bee sometimes behaved in two opposite ways. 



It was concluded that bees are certainly attracted by the corolla in 

 Pelargonium and Papaver, and that it is very improbable that a special odor 



