RELATED STUDIES AND CRITIQUES. 177 



dahlias. He then made a series of crude paper flowers as follows, placing 

 a drop of honey on each; (a) red, (6) white, (c) blue, (d) blue with yellow 

 center made from a dead leaf, (e) rose-colored with a dry dahlia disk, 

 together with an (/) unchanged green dahlia leaf. During the first hour 

 the honey was removed from the blue flower alone. The red flower was 

 then brought repeatedly to the attention of a bee resting on a dahlia, 

 when it began to sip the honey. This bee was marked with blue, and those 

 led to sip from the white and the rose flower were painted yellow and white 

 respectively. Upon returning from the hive, the blue bee flew at once to 

 the red flower and hovered over it doubtfully, then visited the blue, and 

 went again to the red but not to the dahlias. The yellow bee next revisited 

 the white flower, then visited the red and the blue, but gave no heed to the 

 normal ones. It was followed by the white bee, which, failing to find the rose 

 flower at once, began to work on the dahlias, but remained only a moment 

 on each. It returned to the artefacts without finding the honey, until 

 it encountered a corner of the rose-colored flower and began to sip. After 

 this the three painted bees, and no others, returned regularly to the 

 artefacts and ceased to visit the dahlias. It is significant that they dis- 

 covered the other artificial flowers by themselves, doubtless through an 

 instinctive inference from analogy, in spite of the fact that these were 

 somewhat distant from each other and differently colored. The blue bee 

 went to red, white, and both blue flowers, the yellow to white, red, blue, 

 and blue composite, and the white to rose, red, white, and blue com- 

 posite, the green not being found, evidently because of its color. 



Finally, a new bee came to the blue composite and was marked with 

 carmine, after which she drove the blue bee from the red flower. Another 

 bee came to the rose flower and was painted with orange, and still 

 another to the white flower and was painted green. The experiment had 

 now lasted more than three hours and but six bees had come to know the 

 artefacts, the great number continuing to visit the dahlias. Soon, however, 

 the others began to come and it was necessary to replenish the honey 

 constantly, a swarm finally removing the last traces and one bee discovering 

 it on the green leaf. After vainly searching the empty artefacts, the bees 

 began to return to the dahlias; at this moment the red and white flowers 

 were replaced by red and white paper entirely free from any odor of honey. 

 These pieces of paper were visited and examined by various bees, still 

 possessed with the idea of honey, the white bee carefully searching the 

 white paper for three or four minutes. This could only be explained by 

 an association of space, form, and color memories with memories of taste. 

 When the artefacts were carried away, several bees followed and tried to 

 alight on them, in response to color and form alone, the space-image having 

 changed. 



This and other experiments were considered to demonstrate the space, 

 form, and color perceptions of the honey-bee, its memory particularly with 

 respect to vision and taste, the power of associating gustatory and visual 

 memories, the instinctive ability to draw inferences from analogy, a poor 

 olfactory sense, a one-sided and narrow range of attention, the rapid for- 

 mation of habits, and the limited imitation of bees by each other. Further 

 experiments designed to lead the bees to distinguish between disks of dif- 



