RELATED STUDIES AND CRITIQUES. 179 



drop. A bell-glass was next put over the Crocus flowers and 5 honey-bees 

 came to it within an hour. At a distance of a meter from a bed of yellow 

 Crocus was placed a striking artificial flower of the same color and at the 

 same distance a beaker with 5 normal flowers, while a meter further away 

 stood one with 10 similiar flowers. The latter was surrounded by dark 

 paper with a fairly large opening above, so that the odor might easily 

 escape. However, not a single bee came to this during two and a half 

 hours, though 10 visited the imitation during the first hour. The open glass 

 with normal flowers was constantly visible, but only one bee entered it. 

 The next installation consisted of a beaker filled with blue Crocus 2 meters 

 from the bed, another with white Crocus at 4 meters, and an artificial flower 

 at 7 meters. During a quarter of an hour these received respectively 11, 9, 

 and 2 visits by honey-bees; when the beakers were turned down they still 

 received 9 and 7 visits respectively. 



In the first experiment with Rhododendron ciliatum a large empty beaker 

 was placed 2 meters from the bush and a smaller one filled with normal 

 flowers of this species at a distance of 3 meters, the first designed to show 

 the effect of the brightness of the glass, the second that of color. During 

 a half-hour but 2 bees went to the empty beaker, while 12 flew to the red 

 flowers in the other, and 10 flew directly against the glass itself. When 

 this beaker was inverted, 7 bees went to it in 5 minutes. The second instal- 

 lation consisted of three beakers placed 8 meters from the bush and likewise 

 distant from each other, one containing honey, another slightly perfumed 

 water, and the third was the inverted one with normal flowers, designed 

 to show the relative attraction of honey, perfume, and color. The visits 

 made by Musca and Apis were respectively 15 and 4, 12 and 3, and 16 and 

 10, during an hour. An inverted beaker with normal flowers gave 60 visits 

 to a single one for an empty beaker. The bush was then shaken and 20 

 bees flew directly to the normal-flower beaker, and during three repetitions 

 not a single bee went to the empty glass. This showed conclusively that 

 the bees were not attracted by the brightness of light but only by the color 

 itself. Moreover, the honey-bee must be able to see color for a distance 

 of 8 to 10 meters at least. When the attraction of honey alone was tested, 

 a single bee came to the beaker as though by accident. 



Parallel to a bed of primroses were installed a yellow primrose made 

 of cloth, an inverted beaker containing blue primroses, a glass of honey, and 

 an upiight beaker filled with the same flowers freshly picked. The last two 

 were surrounded with dark-gray paper to conceal their contents, and all 

 were placed a meter from the bed. The artificial flower received a total 

 of 18 visits, of which 10 were made by the honey-bee, the inverted beaker 13, 

 the glass of honey none, and the open beaker 1, giving a ratio of 31:1 in 

 favor of color. In the check a glass with diluted honey was surrounded with 

 paper and placed at a meter from the bed, while at 2 meters were located 

 an imitation flower and an inverted beaker. This yielded 26 visits, 14 by 

 Apis, to the artificial flower, 2 to the beaker, and 3 to the honey glasses, 

 or 28 to 3 in favor of color. The second check consisted of four glasses, 

 one filled with honey and the other three with primroses and all wrapped 

 with dark paper, placed at a meter from the bed. At 3 meters were located 

 a false flower and an inverted beaker of red primroses. The imitation 



