184 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS. 



The first experiments were carried out by means of a bouquet each 

 of normal and decorollate flowers of Epilobium spicatum and Malva silves- 

 tris, placed 10 meters apart. The normal flowers of these received respec- 

 tively 14 and 4 visitors, of which 7 and 2 were honey-bees, while the muti- 

 lated ones yielded 12 and 3, of which 5 and 1 were bees, the totals for the 

 former being 18 and 9, and for the latter 15 and 6. When Epilobium and 

 Antirrhinum majus were employed, there were 19 visitors to the intact 

 and 13 to the mutilated flowers, the number of bees being twice as great 

 in the former. Symphytum, officinale was added in the next test, which 

 gave 27 visitors to normal and 24 to mutilated flowers, while the respec- 

 tive numbers for the bees were 20 and 6. The next installation consisted 

 of two bouquets of Centaurea cyanus, Papaver rhoeas, and Pyrethrum leucan- 

 themum separated by a distance of 25 meters and 500 meters from two hives. 

 The flowers of one bouquet were left intact, while the petals or the ray- 

 flowers were cut off in the other. The former received 43 visits, 29 of them 

 by the honey-bee, and the latter 27, of which 10 were made by the bee. The 

 following year the visits of the honey-bee alone were counted, the instal- 

 lation comprising two bouquets, one intact, the other decorollate, which 

 were exchanged after each series. The results of 6 observations gave a 

 total of 72 bees for the normal flowers to 28 for the mutilated ones. The 

 total for the two years was respectively 138 and 46, the bees being much 

 more attracted by the normal flowers, in the ratio of 3: 1. 



When a dish of honey was placed at 6 meters from a bouquet of normal 

 flowers, the latter gave 49 visitors, the former none, while the totals for 

 two further observations were 25 and 0. When a bouquet of artificial 

 flowers of Eschscholtzia and Dahlia was placed 6 meters from one of normal 

 ones, it was visited by 15 bees, to 17 for the latter, the visitors scarcely 

 landing before perceiving their error. The final results of the series gave 

 almost equal numbers, showing that the artificial flowers were equally 

 attractive. Two experiments were made with the normal bouquet in a 

 closed globe in order to suppress the perfume, resulting in 5 visitors in 

 contrast to 6 for the artificial one. In competition with a bouquet of 

 natural flowers deprived of the corolla, the artificial flowers received 11 

 visitors in contrast to 6. Hiding a bouquet of normal flowers under the 

 foliage resulted in but 7 visitors to it in comparison with 32 to a similar one 

 freely exposed. In a check with artificial flowers entirely visible and normal 

 ones hidden in the foliage, 19 bees went to the first and but 4 to the last, 

 demonstrating that odor is much less effective than color. 



The remaining experiments made use of honey or fragrant flowers, the 

 installation for the first consisting of bouquets of normal and artificial 

 flowers fully visible, normal flowers hidden under leaves, and a dish of 

 honey, all 2 meters apart. The respective numbers of bees were 25, 20, 

 7, and 1. The check, which differed only in having 2 artificial dahlias stuck 

 in the honey, gave respectively, 15, 11, 3, and 8 bees, the dahlias having 

 greatly increased the attractiveness of the dish with honey. When yellow 

 pollen flowers (Eschscholtzia) were placed in a dish of honey 6 meters away 

 from honey alone, no bees went to the latter, while 14 flew directly to the 

 flowers and for the most part to the stamens, only 3 going to the honey. 

 A bouquet of brilliant flowers with little odor was placed 6 meters from 



