SMELL. 229 



flagellum missing responded to 6 of the 10 odors used in an average re- 

 action-time of 3.16 seconds in contrast to 2.9 seconds for unmutilated ones. 

 When both antennae were removed from workers, none responded to oil 

 of peppermint held within a half inch or to smoke, while all the normal 

 bees reacted quickly and markedly. Similar experiments with other oils 

 yielded no reaction in the case of 50 mutilated bees, though the normal ones 

 never failed to react. 



In the case of immature bees the results were quite different. When 

 both the antennae of workers were burned off, they responded readily to 

 the three essential oils by moving slightly and vibrating the stubs of the 

 antennae. Frequently, however, they did not react to odors or anything 

 else. When the antennae were covered with glue and the tarsi of the front 

 legs burned off to prevent the removal of the glue, most of the bees died 

 in a few days, but a score were fairly normal and responded to the oils 

 without failure. 



Experiments with wings, legs, and stings mutilated. — 



"To determine the function of these pores, the wings, legs, and stings of many worker 

 bees were mutilated (Mclndoo, 1914 3 :47). The behavior of the mutilated bees was 

 carefully studied, and they were tested with odors in the same manner as were the 

 unmutilated ones. The stings of 100 workers were pulled out. These bees lived 30 

 hours on an average. Twenty of them were tested with odors. They responded only 

 slightly more slowly than unmutilated bees. The wings of 28 workers were pulled 

 off. When tested with odors, these bees responded one-eighth as rapidly as normal 

 bees. The bases of the wings of 20 workers were covered with liquid glue. When 

 tested, these bees also responded one-eighth as rapidly ao unmutilated ones. The 

 pores on the legs of 20 workers were covered with a mixture of beeswax and vaseline. 

 When tested, these bees responded two-fifths as rapidly as unmutilated workers. 

 The wings were pulled off and the pores on the legs of 20 workers were covered with 

 the beeswax-vaseline mixture. When tested with odors, these responded one-twelfth 

 as rapidly as unmutilated ones. All of the workers with mutilated wings and legs 

 lived just as long in the observation cages as did unmutilated workers, and they were 

 absolutely normal in all respects, except that they reacted to odors more slowly." 



With the oils and other odors four dealated females of Formica gave 

 a reaction-time of 2.89 seconds in contrast to 2.45 seconds for winged 

 females of the same species. Pulling off the wings of 7 males removed 

 92 per cent of the pores and increased the reaction-time from 2.63 to 3.6 

 seconds. When the wing bases of female ants were covered with liquid 

 glue and the legs with beeswax-vaseline mixture, the reaction-time was 

 about doubled, and similar results were obtained with Camponotus. When 

 males of the latter had the wings pulled off, leaving but 12 per cent of the 

 pores, they gave a reaction-time of 3.49 seconds, which is one and a fourth 

 times that of the normal insects. Worker hornets similarly treated gave 

 nearly thrice the reaction-time for normal ones. 



Mclndoo's criticisms of experiments with deantennate insects. — 



"The following criticisms concerning the physiological experiments performed 

 with the antennae of the various insects may be offered (1914:342, 1914 3 :54). 

 Most of the previous investigators have studied the behavior of the insects investigated 

 in captivity for only a short time, while the remainder have paid no attention at all 

 to the behavior of their unmutilated insects. They cut off either a few joints of both 



