INTELLIGENCE. 235 



7 kilometers away and the old bees released only 30 or 40 meters from the 

 hive before they have been able to make their flight of orientation, none 

 find their way back in case trees or houses intervene. Memory of locality 

 may be lost through artificial swarming, by the influence of buckwheat 

 honey; by the effect of dark or cold; by throwing bees into water, and by 

 the lapse of time. Memories also disappear quickly by new impressions 

 obliterating the old. In their first flight from the hive, bees turn their 

 heads toward the latter and survey the hive, the neighboring hives, and 

 the general surroundings. After this short preliminary flight, small and 

 then larger orientation flights are taken and the landmarks impressed on 

 the memory. It is evident that bees also orient themselves in special ways. 

 If the height of a hive is changed so that the entrance is suddenly made 

 30 cm. higher or lower, the bees fly exactly to the level where the entrance 

 was before, and hours or even days pass before a smooth flight is made to 

 the new height. The ability to judge distances even goes so far that bees 

 normally fly in and out of the same corner of the hive-entrance. If the 

 entrance is closed to about the breadth of an inch, they will try to enter 

 at the usual spots and find the open part only after considerable search. 

 A bee flies to the point of entrance without being able to see it or the nearest 

 surroundings of the entrance, on the basis of its orientation in the neigh- 

 borhood. As it comes closer, it generally notices the surroundings of the 

 entrance, for it becomes aware of any changes in the outside of the hive. 



Forel (1900, 1908:217) has dealt with Bethe's results and conclusions 

 in similar detail. He says : 



"When writing the preceding, I was ignorant of the work of Buttel-Reepen. If 

 on the one hand I regret it, on the other it has the advantage of having rendered my 

 criticism of Bethe independent of his, and the reader of both will be astonished to 

 see to what extent our results agree. 



"I am obliged to combat Bethe's conclusions as preconceived, one-sided, and of 

 an absolutism quite contrary to logic and the scientific spirit." 



Memory of time and association of impressions. — Buttel-Reepen 

 stated that where colonies stand in fields of buckwheat the flight is lively 

 until about 10 o'clock, then becomes entirely quiet for the rest of the day, 

 to begin again vigorously the next morning. Buckwheat nectar is abun- 

 dant only in the early morning; as the nectaries dry up, the bees fly out 

 once or twice and then cease their vain flight. In spite of the sea of flowers 

 and the strong fragrance, few bees are found in the field after 10 o'clock. 

 Regardless of the constant attraction of color and scent and the habit of daily 

 flight to the fields, the processes of learning and remembering play the 

 directive role. 



Association of impressions is illustrated by the behavior of bees that found 

 a honeycomb in a room, after flying through the open window. More and 

 more came, some of them being kept out at the second window, which was 

 closed. To prevent this the honeycomb was placed in the open window, and 

 a half-hour later the bees were driven away and the window closed. Twenty 

 minutes later the room above, the windows of which were open, was found 

 full of bees. In order to observe their behavior accurately, the bees were 

 driven out, the windows closed, and Buttel went into the garden. Here 

 the bees were seen trying to enter at the window from which they had been 



