236 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS. 



fed, then flying to the next window and afterward to the other windows until 

 they had tried them all. It was then assumed that the existence of an 

 actual association of honey with the form of a window would lead them to 

 extend the search to the neighboring house, which they did. He also cited 

 in confirmation the observation that, when a dish of honey is placed on the 

 trunk of a tree, bees afterward search for honey at the same place on all 

 the trees in the neighborhood. 



Memory of time and memory association in honey-bees. — Forel 



(1907:459) reported the behavior of bees which were led to visit an out-door 

 dining table, on which it was the habit to place preserves at breakfast, 

 from 7 h 30 m to 9 h 30 m a. m., and at tea, from 4 to 5 p. m. Drawn by the odor 

 of cooked cherries, one or two bees first found the preserves and in a day 

 or two a whole swarm came to feast on them. However, after having sought 

 for them at mid-day also and having found nothing, they entirely ceased 

 coming at this time and confined their visits to the hours of breakfast and 

 tea. After this habit had been confirmed, the table was set as for breakfast, 

 but no preserves were placed on it. A large number of bees came to it as 

 usual and searched everything in vain. They stopped coming at 10 o'clock 

 and only a single one appeared at noon and but one or two at 4 o'clock. 

 The next morning a much smaller number than usual was observed and 

 they did not stay long. More appeared at noon than before, as if driven to 

 make the search for the sweets at other hours. When they returned at 

 4 o'clock they were given some preserves, and this led others to come. The 

 next day the same behavior occurred at breakfast time, the bees flying 

 against an inverted glass containing preserves but paying no attention to 

 the edge where the odor could be perceived. At 10 o'clock all had again 

 disappeared. After several days a supply of sirup and preserves was made 

 constantly available, and the bees ceased to come at stated hours. These 

 facts were regarded as clearly proving that bees not only have place memory 

 but also that of time. In short, they returned to the same place and ex- 

 amined the same or similar objects only at the hours when they had found 

 them before, and, after several deceptions, but once at mid-day, the hour 

 at which they found nothing. Bees were found peculiarly adapted to the 

 experiment on account of their poor sense of smell, visual and gustatory 

 memory operating alone. The visual memory of colors and forms guided 

 them and also enabled them to distinguish the preserve container and 

 similar objects, the sense of smell coming into action at the very short 

 distance of 1 cm. 



Intelligence of honey-bees. — In his conclusions (1907:44) Buttel- 

 Reepen stated: 



"It is unquestionable to me that the senses of bees are similar to those of men, and 

 that especially the senses of sight, hearing, and smell play an important part. As 

 Wundt has already shown, we certainly are 'referred essentially to outer observations 

 in animals; what they teach us is not a total dissimilarity in the capacity of mind, 

 but the most essential conformity with the psychic processes that we observe in man, 

 and know chiefly from observation of ourselves.' The anthropomorphic apprehen- 

 sion relative to the question of consciousness has brought it about that there has been 

 ascribed to bees a consciousness similar to human consciousness, and accordingly 



