248 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS. 



most remarkable instance of memory is that recorded by Hoffer (1886:11), 

 who found that bumble-bees remembered the place in which their nest 

 had been put, from the middle of October when they disappeared to the 

 beginning of April when they returned. It is evident also that wasps 

 in particular have a remarkable memory for forms and outlines along 

 the path of their flights, as shown by their ability to find their way back 

 for several miles, a faculty only less developed in the bees. 



Both Buttel-Reepen and Forel have shown that bees are capable of 

 memory and other associations, and the former stated: 



"We see that bees show signs of an admirable memory in their orientation and in 

 their other activities; further, I believe I have shown that the bee possesses a perception 

 for color and form, and develops a rich capacity for communication by means of its 

 well-developed 'language'; that, further, it is able to gather experiences, to learn 

 and to form associations of impressions, etc." 



Forel independently declared that — 



"It ensues from the concordant observations of all the experts that sensation, 

 perception, association, inference, memory, and habit in the social insects follow the 

 same fundamental laws as in the vertebrates and ourselves. In these animals it is 

 possible to demonstrate the existence of memory, associations of sensory images, 

 perception, attention, habits, simple powers of inference from analogy, the utilization 

 of individual experiences and hence distinct, though feeble, plastic individual de- 

 liberations or adaptations. It is also possible to detect a corresponding, simpler form 

 of volition, i. e., the carrying out of individual decisions in a more or less protracted 

 time sequence, through different concatenations of instincts; furthermore, different 

 kinds of discomfort and pleasure emotions, as well as interactions and antagonisms 

 between these diverse psychic powers." 



As early as 1877, Forel said that all the properties of the human mind 

 may be derived from the properties of the animal mind and a quarter of 

 a century later he merely added the statement that all the mental attributes 

 of higher animals may be derived from those of lower animals. 



With the development of more exact methods in comparative psychology 

 has gone a more critical spirit, which has discarded practically all the 

 observational and anecdotal material so long utilized. The same feeling 

 for accuracy and objectivity has led to the present endeavor to place the 

 study of the relations of flowers and insects upon a purely experimental 

 basis. In spite of this, however, the work of Forel, Lubbock, the Peckhams, 

 Buttel-Reepen, Ferton, and others was so largely experimental that their 

 general conclusions have remained true and still constitute much of the 

 essential foundation for the study of insect psychology, as is evident from 

 the recent and more exact researches of Frisch, Knoll, and Kuhn and Pohl 

 [see also Holmes (1911), Thorndike (1911), Smith (1915), and Bouvier 

 (1922)]. 



