274 EXPERIMENTAL POLLINATION. 



Plate 14. Life-history of flowers: Allium cernuum, X3: (1) Bud hanging, cracking; 

 (2) bud starting to ascend, 1 stamen out; (3) bud at 45 degrees, perianth 

 lobes opening, 2 stamens out, 1 anther shedding; (4) 3 stamens out, 1 anther 

 shedding, and 1 shed; (5) 5 stamens out, 2 shed and 1 shedding; (6) flower hor- 

 izontal, 5 anthers shed; (7) flower ascending, style elongating; (8) anthers 

 falling, style exserted, receptive; (9) anthers fallen, corolla withering; (10) 

 style shrunken, corolla withered. Zygadenus elegans, X2: (11) flower half 

 open; (12) flower open, anthers contiguous; (13) outer row of anthers spread 

 and shedding; (14) inner row of anthers spread and shedding; (15) anthers 

 shed, converging, stigmas beginning to spread; (16) anthers fallen, stigmas 

 separated, receptive; (17) petals ascending, pistil enlarged; (18) petals 

 erect, keeled. 



Plate 15. Mutilated and inverted flowers of Aconitum, XI. 



Plate 16. Mutilated flowers: Aconitum columbianum, X1.5: (1) lower sepals re- 

 moved; (2) hood removed; (3) perianth removed; (4) hood split and spread; 

 (5) hood and nectaries removed; (6) side petals removed. Delphinium 

 scopidorum, Xl.5: (7) normal flower; (8) petals removed; (9) side sepals 

 removed, (10) lower sepals removed; (11) spur cut off. Monarda fistulosa, 

 X2: (12) lower lip cut off; (13) upper lip cut off; (14) both lips cut off; (15) 

 lower lip split; (16) corolla shortened; (17) upper lip, stamens and style cut 

 away. 



Plate 17. Mutilated flowers: Geranium caespitosum, Xl.5: (1) petals shortened half; 

 (2) petals trifid; (3) petals removed. Chamaenerium angustifolium, X2: 

 (4) petals shortened half; (5) petals removed; (6) all parts removed except 

 pistil and nectary; (7) petals and sepals removed; (8) flower reduced to ovary 

 and nectary. Pentstemon glaber, X2: (9) lower lip removed; (10) upper lip 

 removed; (11) both lips removed; (12) corolla lobes split. 



