PUTREFACTION PRODUCTS. 



I6 5 



PART I. 

 MANIPULATION OF THE DISTILLATE. 



Acidify with hydrochloric acid and extract with ether. 



Ether Extract No. i. 

 Add an equal volume of water, 

 make alkaline with potassium hy- 

 droxide and shake thoroughly. 



Ether Extract No. 2. 

 Evaporate spontaneously. Indole 

 and skatole remain. Try proper 

 reactions (see pages 168 and 170). 





Ether Extract No. 3. 

 Evaporate. Detect phenol and 

 cresol (paracresol). See p. 170. 



Ether Extract No. 4. 



Evaporate. Volatile fatty acids 

 remain. 



Residue No. i. 



Allow the ether to volatilize. 

 Evaporate and detect ammonium 

 chloride crystals (Fig. 45, p. 166). 



Alkaline Solution No. i. 

 Acidify with hydrochloric acid, 

 add sodium carbonate and extract 

 with ether. 



Alkaline Solution No. 2. 



Acidify with hydrochloric acid, 

 and extract with ether. 



Final Residue. 

 (Discard.) 



DETAILED DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING THE 



SEPARATIONS INDICATED IN 



THE SCHEME. 



Preliminary Ether Extraction. This extraction may be conven- 

 iently conducted in a separatory funnel. Mix the fluids for ex- 

 traction in the ratio of.tuw volumes of ether to three volumes of the 

 distillate. Shake very thoroughly for a few moments then draw 

 off the extracted fluid and add a new portion of the distillate. Re- 

 peat the process until the entire distillate has been extracted. Add 

 a small amount of fresh ether at each extraction to replace that 

 dissolved by the water in the preceding extraction. 



Residue No. i. Unite the portions of the distillate extracted as 

 above and allow the ether to volatilize spontaneously. Evaporate 

 until crystallization begins. Examine the crystals under the micro- 

 scope. Ammonium chloride predominates. Explain its presence. 



