SEED CHARACTERISTICS IN CONIFEROUS FORESTS 



Soil Silt and sandy loam, dry, gravelly on hillsides. 



Condition before cutting. Forest mature and over-mature consisting of two-age classes 



of 100 years and 200 years. Considerable fungus and 



insect injury. 



Reproduction Hemlock and cedar heavy throughout. White pine and 



larch in groups in openings. 

 Utilization All merchantable timber, living and dead, standing and 



down, cut. 



Brush disposal All unmerchantable timber, slashed and broadcast, burned. 



Burned-over June, 1910. 



Seed years Good seed crop in 1909 and a fair crop in 1911. 



Sylvicultural system .... Clear cut with seed plots. 

 Condition at time of examination, September 1912. 



Ground cover. Scattering individuals of wild rose (Rosa), bearberry 

 (Arctostaphylos), thimble berry (Rubus), Solomon's seal (Polygonatum), 

 fern (Pteris), fireweed (Epilobium) , mountain maple (Acer), willow (Salix), 

 service-berry (Amelanchier) , vetchling (Lathyrus), thistle (Carduus), horse- 

 tail (Equisetum), lupine (Lupinus), alder (Alnus), goldenrod (Solidago), 

 spiraea, lamb's quarters (Chenopodium) , various kinds of grasses in tufts 

 and heavy stands on river bottom flats, and clover (Trijolium) along the 

 road sides, make a ground cover of about 50 per cent. This, however, is 

 not an even cover as the vegetation is in groups with many open or 

 sparsely covered areas. 



The areas burned over are quite free from any material except some 

 scattered charred logs. The mineral soil is exposed in some places and 

 other areas are covered with humus and duff. Unburned strips covered 

 with pine needles and wood litter occur along the timber. The soil has 

 been in excellent condition for reproduction since the bum of 1910, and 

 was in good condition at the time of the examination. 



The cut-over area as a whole is naturally divided into units which have 

 similar factors influencing reproduction, as seed-plots, slopes, slash, etc. 



