MALAR BOXES. 45 



Articulations. With nine bones, viz. ; with two of the cranium 

 and with all the bones of the face excepting the inferior maxillary. 

 These are, the frontal and ethmoid, nasal, lachrymal, malar, inferior 

 turbinated, palate, vomer, and its fellow of the opposite side. 



Attachment of muscles. To nine ; orbicularis palpebrarum, obliquus 

 inferior oculi, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator labii supe- 

 rioris proprius, levator anguli oris, compressor nasi, depressor labii 

 superioris alaeque nasi, buccinator, masseter. 



LACHRYMAL BONES (os unguis, from an imagined resemblance to 

 a finger nail). The lachrymal is a thin oval-shaped plate of bone, 

 situated at the anterior and inner angle of the orbit. It may be di- 

 vided into an external and internal surface 

 and four borders. The external surface is 

 smooth and marked by a vertical ridge, the 

 lachrymal crest, into two portions, one of 

 which is flat and enters into the formation 

 of the orbit, hence may be called the orbital 

 portion ; the other is concave, and lodges the 

 lachrymal sac, hence the lachrymal portion. 

 The crest is expanded inferiorly into a hook- 

 shaped process (hamulus lachrymalis) which 

 forms part of the outer boundary of the fossa 

 lachrymalis. The internal surface is uneven 

 and completes the anterior ethmoid cells, it 

 assists also in forming the wall of the nasal 



fossae and nasal duct. The four borders articulate with adjoining 

 bones. 



Development. By a single centre appearing in the early part of the 

 third month. 



Articulations. With four bones ; two of the cranium, frontal and 

 ethmoid ; and two of the face, superior maxillary, and inferior tur- 

 binated bone. 



Attachment of Muscles. To one muscle, the tensor tarsi, and to an 

 expansion of the tendo oculi, the former arising from the orbital sur- 

 face, the other being attached to the lachrymal crest. 



MALAR BOXES (mala, the cheek). The malar (fig. 28) is the 

 strong quadrangular bone which forms the prominence of the cheek. 

 It is divisible into an external and internal surface and four processes, 

 the frontal, orbital, maxillary, and zygomatic. The external surface is 



* The lachrymal bone of the right side, viewed upon its external or orbital 

 surface. 1. The orbital portion of the bone. 2. The lachrymal portion ; the 

 prominent ridge between these two portions is the crest. 3. The lower ter- 

 mination of the crest, the hamulus lachrymalis. 4. The superior border which 

 articulates with the frontal bone. 5. The posterior border, which articulates 

 with the ethmoid bone. 6. The anterior border which articulates with the su- 

 perior maxillary bone. 7- The border which articulates with the inferior tur- 

 binated bone. 



