BRUNNER'S GLANDS. 571 



port to the mucous membrane, as is the corium to the papillary layer 

 of the skin. It gives to the mucous membrane its strength and 

 resistance, is but loosely connected with the mucous layer, but is 

 firmly adherent to the muscular stratum, and is called, in the older 

 works on anatomy, the " nervous coat" 



Glands. In the loose areolar tissue connecting the mucous with 

 the fibrous layer, are situated the glands and follicles belonging to the 

 mucous membrane : these are the 



Pharyngeal glands, 

 CEsophageal glands, 

 Gastric follicles, 

 Duodenal glands (Brunner's), 

 Glandulae solitarise, 

 Glandulae aggregate (Peyer's), 

 Simple follicles (Lieberkuhn's). 



The Pliaryngeal glands are situated in considerable numbers beneath 

 the mucous membrane of the pharynx, particularly around the pos- 

 terior nares. Two of these glands, of larger size than the rest, and 

 lobulated in structure, occupy the margin of the opening of the Eusta- 

 chian tube. 



The CEsophageal glands are small lobulated bodies, situated in the 

 sub-mucous tissue, and opening upon the surface of the oesophagus by 

 a long excretory duct, which passes obliquely through the mucous 

 membrane. 



The Gastric follicles are long tubular follicular glands, situated 

 perpendicularly side by side in every part of the mucous membrane of 

 the stomach. At their terminations they are dilated into small lateral 

 pouches, which give them a clustered appearance. This character is 

 more clearly exhibited at the pyloric than at the cardiac end of the 

 stomach. They are intended, very probably, for the secretion of the 

 gastric fluid. 



The Duodenal, or Brunner's* glands, are small flattened granular 

 bodies, compared collectively by Von Brunn to a second pancreas. 

 They resemble in structure the small salivary glands, so abundant 

 beneath the mucous membrane of the mouth and lips ; and, like them, 

 the} r open upon the surface by minute excretory ducts. They are 

 limited to the duodenum. 



The Solitary glands are of two kinds, those of the small and those of 

 the large intestine. The former are small circular patches, surrounded 

 by a zone or wreath of simple follicles. When opened, they are seen 

 to consist of a small flattened saccular cavity, containing a mucous 

 secretion, but having no excretory duct. They are chiefly found in 

 the lower part of the ileum. The solitary glands of the large intestine 



* John Conrad von Brunn : " Glandulae Duodeni seu Pancreas Secunda- 

 rium," 1715. 



