ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY 





INTRODUCTION. 



term human anatomy comprises a consideration of the various structures 

 J- which make up the human organism. In a restricted sense it deals merely 

 with the parts which form the fully developed individual and which can be ren- 

 dered evident to the naked eye by various methods of dissection. Regarded from 

 such a standpoint it may be studied by two methods: (1) the various structures 

 may be separately considered- systematic anatomy; or (2) the organs and tissues 

 may be studied in relation to one another topographical or regional anatomy. 



It is, however, of much advantage to add to the facts ascertained by naked- 

 eye dissection those obtained by the use of the microscope. This introduces 

 two fields of investigation, viz., the study of the minute structure of the various 

 component parts of the body histology and the study of the human organism 

 in its immature condition, i. e., the various stages of its intrauterine develop- 

 ment from the fertilized ovum up to the period when it assumes an independent 

 existence embryology. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining material illustrating 

 all the stages of this early development, gaps must be filled up by observations 

 on the development of lower forms comparative embryology, or by a consideration 

 of adult forms in the line of human ancestry comparative anatomy. The direct 

 application of the facts of human anatomy to the various pathological conditions 

 which may occur constitutes the subject of applied anatomy. Finally, the appre- 

 ciation of structures on or immediately underlying the surface of the body is 

 frequently made the subject of special study surface anatomy. 



SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY. The various systems of which the human body is 

 composed are grouped under the following headings: 



1. Osteology the bony system or skeleton. 



2. Syndesmology the articulations or joints. 



3. Myology the muscles. With the description of the muscles it is convenient 

 to include that of the fasciae which are so intimately connected with them. 



4. Angiology the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic 

 vessels, and lymph glands. 



5. Neurology the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in 

 this system. 



6. Splanchnology the visceral system. Topographically the viscera form 

 two groups, viz., the thoracic viscera and the abdomino-pelvic viscera. The 

 heart, a thoracic viscus, is best considered with the vascular system. The rest 



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