THE MUSCLES OF MASTICATION 385 



Triangularis, which cross each other at the angle of the mouth; those from the 

 Caninus passing to the lower lip, and those from the Triangularis to the upper lip, 

 along which they run, to be inserted into the skin near the median line. In addi- 

 tion to these there are fibers from the Quadratus labii superioris, the Zygomaticus, 

 and the Quadratus labii inferioris; these intermingle with the transverse fibers 

 above described, and have principally an oblique direction. The proper fibers 

 of the lips are oblique, and pass from the under surface of the skin to the mucous 

 membrane, through the thickness of the lip. Finally there are fibers by which the 

 muscle is connected w r ith the maxilla? and the septum of the nose above and with 

 the mandible below. In the upper lip these consist of two bands, lateral and medial, 

 on either side of the middle line; the lateral band (m. incisimis labii superioris) 

 arises from the alveolar border of the maxilla, opposite the lateral incisor tooth, 

 and arching lateralward is continuous with the other muscles at the angle of the 

 mouth; the medial band (m. nasolabialis] connects the upper lip to the back of the 

 septum of the nose. The interval between the two medial bands corresponds 

 with the depression, called the philtrum, seen on the lip beneath the septum of the 

 nose. The additional fibers for the lower lip constitute a slip (m. incisimis labii 

 inferioris} on either side of the middle line; this arises from the mandible, lateral 

 to the Mentalis, and intermingles with the other muscles at the angle of the 

 mouth. 



The Risorius arises in the fascia over the Masseter and, passing horizontally 

 forward, superficial to the Platysma, is inserted into the skin at the angle of the 

 mouth (Fig. 378). It is a narrow bundle of fibers, broadest at its origin, but varies 

 much in its size and form. 



Variations. The zygomatic head of the Quadratus labii superioris and Risorius are frequently 

 absent and more rarely the Zygomaticus. The Zygomaticus and Risorius may be doubled or the 

 latter greatly enlarged or blended with the Platysma. 



Nerves. The muscles in this group are all supplied by the facial nerve. 



Actions. The Orbicularis oris in its ordinary action effects the direct closure of the lips; by 

 its deep fibers, assisted by the oblique ones, it closely applies the lips to the alveolar arch. The 

 superficial part, consisting principally of the decussating fibers, brings the lips together and also 

 protrudes them forward. The Buccinators compress the cheeks, so that, during the process of 

 mastication, the food is kept under the immediate pressure of the teeth. When the cheeks have 

 been previously distended with air, the Buccinator muscles expel it from between the lips, as in 

 blowing a trumpet; hence the name (buccina, a trumpet). The Risorius retracts the angle of 

 the mouth, and produces an unpleasant grinning expression. 



For more extensive consideration of the facial muscles, see Charles Darwin, 

 Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. 



IV. THE MUSCLES OF MASTICATION. 



The chief muscles of mastication are: 



Masseter. Pterygoideus externus. 



Temporalis. Pterygoideus internus. 



Parotideomasseteric Fascia (masseteric fascia) . Covering the Masseter, and firmly 

 connected with it, is a strong layer of fascia derived from the deep cervical fascia. 

 Above, this fascia is attached to the lower border of the zygomatic arch, and behind, 

 it invests the parotid gland. 



The Masseter (Fig. 378) is a thick, somewhat quadrilateral muscle, consisting 

 of two portions, superficial and deep. The superficial portion, the larger, arises 

 by a thick, tendinous aponeurosis from the zygomatic process of the maxilla, and 

 from the anterior two-thirds of the lower border of the zygomatic arch: its fibers 

 pass downward and backward, to be inserted into the angle and lower half of the 

 lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible. The deep portion is much smallej, 

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